Asteroid diameters and albedos from neowise reactivation mission years six and seven

We present diameters and albedos computed for the near-Earth and main belt asteroids (MBAs) observed by the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) spacecraft during the sixth and seventh years of its Reactivation mission. These diameters and albedos are calculated from fitting thermal models to NEOWISE observations of 199 near-Earth objects (NEOs) and 5851 MBAs detected during the sixth year of the survey and 175 NEOs and 5861 MBAs from the seventh year. Comparisons of the NEO diameters derived from Reactivation data with those derived from the WISE cryogenic mission data show a ∼30% relative uncertainty. This larger uncertainty compared to data from the cryogenic mission is due to the need to assume a beaming parameter for the fits to the shorter-wavelength data that the Reactivation mission is limited to. We also present an analysis of the orbital parameters of the MBAs that have been discovered by NEOWISE during Reactivation, finding that these objects tend to be on orbits that result in their perihelia being far from the ecliptic, and thus missed by other surveys. To date, the NEOWISE Reactivation survey has provided thermal fits of 1415 unique NEOs. Including the mission phases before spacecraft hibernation increases the count of unique NEOs characterized to 1845 from WISE's launch to the present. © 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Structure and age-dependant development of the turkey liver: A comparative study on a highly selected and a wild-type turkey line

In this study the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the liver of a fast growing, meat-type turkey line (British United turkeys BUT Big 6, n = 25) and a wild-type turkey line (Wild Canadian turkey, n = 48) were compared at the age of 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wk. Because the growth plates of long bones were still detectable in the 20-week-old wild-type turkeys, indicating immaturity, a group of 8 wild-type turkeys at the age of 24 wk was included in the original scope of the study. Over the term of the study, the body and liver weights of birds from the meat-type turkey line increased at a faster rate than those of the wild-type turkey line. However, the relative liver weight of the meat-type turkeys declined (from 2.7 to 0.9%) to a greater extent than that of the wild-type turkeys (from 2.8 to 1.9%), suggesting a mismatch in development between muscle weights and liver weights of the meat-type turkeys. Signs of high levels of fat storage in the liver were detected in both lines but were greater in the wild-type turkey line, suggesting a better feed conversion by the extreme-genotype birds i.e., meat-type birds. For the first time, this study presents morphologic data on the structure and arrangement of the lymphatic tissue within the healthy turkey liver, describing two different types of lymphatic aggregations within the liver parenchyma, i.e., aggregations with and without fibrous capsules. Despite differences during development, both adult meat-type and adult wild-type turkeys had similar numbers of lymphatic aggregations

NEOWISE Observations of the Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (99942) Apophis

Large potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs) are capable of causing a global catastrophe in the event of a planetary collision. Thus, rapid assessment of such an object’s physical characteristics is crucial for determining its potential risk scale. We treated the near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis as a newly discovered object during its 2020–2021 close approach as part of a mock planetary defense exercise. The object was detected by the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), and data collected by the two active bands (3.4 and 4.6 μm) were analyzed using thermal and thermophysical modeling. Our results indicate that Apophis is an elongated object with an effective spherical diameter Deff = 340 ± 70 m, a geometric visual albedo pV = 0.31 ± 0.09, and a thermal inertia Γ ∼ 150–2850 J m−2 s-½ K−1 with a best-fit value of 550 J m−2 s-½K−1. NEOWISE “discovery” observations reveal that (99942) Apophis is a PHA that would likely cause damage at a regional level and not a global one. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Size and Albedo Constraints for (152830) Dinkinesh Using WISE Data

Probing small main-belt asteroids provides insight into their formation and evolution through multiple dynamical and collisional processes. These asteroids also overlap in size with the potentially hazardous near-Earth object population and supply the majority of these objects. The Lucy mission will perform a flyby of the small main-belt asteroid, (152830) Dinkinesh, on 2023 November 1, in preparation for its mission to the Jupiter Trojan asteroids. In this Letter, we present data to support the planning of Lucy’s imminent encounter of Dinkinesh. We employed aperture photometry on stacked frames of Dinkinesh obtained by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and performed thermal modeling on a detection at 12 μm to compute diameter and albedo values. Through this method, we determined Dinkinesh has an effective spherical diameter of 0.76 − 0.21 + 0.11 km and a visual geometric albedo of 0.27 − 0.06 + 0.25 at the 16th and 84th percentiles. This albedo is consistent with typical stony (S-type) asteroids. These measurements will enable the Lucy team to optimize planning for the flyby of Dinkinesh, including refinement of exposure times and flyby geometry. The data obtained from this mission will, in turn, allow us to better understand the calibration of our thermal models by providing ground truth data. The Lucy flyby presents a rare opportunity to study the smallest main-belt asteroid ever observed in situ. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Expiratory airflow at 7–8 years of age in children born extremely low birthweight from 14 years before to 14 years after the introduction of exogenous surfactantResearch in context

Summary: Background: It is unclear if expiratory airflow in survivors born extremely low birth weight (ELBW; 500–999 g) has improved after the introduction of exogenous surfactant into clinical practice in 1991. The primary aim of this study was to describe the changes in airflow at 7–8 years of age of survivors born ELBW in five discrete cohorts from 14 years before to 14 years after the introduction of exogenous surfactant into clinical practice. Methods: The cohorts comprised consecutive survivors born ELBW in 1977–82 and 1985–87 at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, and in 1991–92, 1997 and 2005 in the state of Victoria, Australia. Survival rates to 2-years of age for infants born ELBW in the state of Victoria rose from approximately 1-in-4 to 3-in-4 over the time of this study. Expiratory airflow measurements at 7–8 years included the forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1), converted to z-scores for age, height, sex, and race. Findings: There were 596 ELBW participants with expiratory flow data, 280 (47%) of whom had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Overall, there was little change in zFEV1 over the 28-year period (mean change per year; 0.003, 95% CI −0.010, 0.015, P = 0.67). There was, however, evidence of an interaction between BPD and year; zFEV1 in those who had BPD fell over time (mean change per year −0.019, 95% CI −0.037, −0.009, P = 0.035), whereas zFEV1 improved in those who did not have BPD (mean change per year 0.021, 95% CI 0.006, 0.037, P = 0.007). Interpretation: Contrary to recent evidence, expiratory airflow of children born ELBW has not improved with the introduction of surfactant, and may be deteriorating in those who had BPD. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia); Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support Program

The CatWISE2020 Catalog

The CatWISE2020 Catalog consists of 1,890,715,640 sources over the entire sky selected from Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and NEOWISE survey data at 3.4 and 4.6 μm (W1 and W2) collected from 2010 January 7 to 2018 December 13. This data set adds two years to that used for the CatWISE Preliminary Catalog, bringing the total to six times as many exposures spanning over 16 times as large a time baseline as the AllWISE catalog. The other major change from the CatWISE Preliminary Catalog is that the detection list for the CatWISE2020 Catalog was generated using crowdsource from Schlafly et al., while the CatWISE Preliminary Catalog used the detection software used for AllWISE. These two factors result in roughly twice as many sources in the CatWISE2020 Catalog. The scatter with respect to Spitzer photometry at faint magnitudes in the COSMOS field, which is out of the Galactic Plane and at low ecliptic latitude (corresponding to lower WISE coverage depth) is similar to that for the CatWISE Preliminary Catalog. The 90% completeness depth for the CatWISE2020 Catalog is at W1 = 17.7 mag and W2 = 17.5 mag, 1.7 mag deeper than in the CatWISE Preliminary Catalog. In comparison to Gaia, CatWISE2020 motions are accurate at the 20 mas yr-1 level for W1∼15 mag sources and at the ∼100 mas yr-1 level for W1∼17 mag sources. This level of accuracy represents a 12 improvement over AllWISE. The CatWISE catalogs are available in the WISE/NEOWISE Enhanced and Contributed Products area of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive. © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..Immediate accessThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission

The Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission is a NASA Observatory designed to discover and characterize asteroids and comets. The mission’s primary objective is to find the majority of objects large enough to cause severe regional impact damage (>140 m in effective spherical diameter) within its 5 yr baseline survey. Operating at the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point, the mission will survey to within 45° of the Sun in an effort to find objects in the most Earth-like orbits. The survey cadence is optimized to provide observational arcs long enough to distinguish near-Earth objects from more distant small bodies that cannot pose an impact hazard reliably. Over the course of its survey, NEO Surveyor will discover ∼200,000-300,000 new NEOs down to sizes as small as ∼10 m and thousands of comets, significantly improving our understanding of the probability of an Earth impact over the next century. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]