Distribution of plantar pressure in healthy controls and patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes

WSTĘP. Celem pracy jest ocena rozkładu podeszwowych nacisków w grupie osób zdrowych i chorych na cukrzycę typu 1 i 2 przy obecności lub braku neuropatii ruchowo-czuciowej. Opisane badania stanowią wstęp do opracowania pierwszego polskiego obuwia profilaktycznego, uwzględniającego odciążenie miejsc wysokiego ryzyka owrzodzenia na stopie. MATERIAŁ I METODY. Przebadano grupę 215 zdrowych osób, 56 osób chorych na cukrzycę typu 1, 61 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2. Badano zaawansowanie przewlekłych powikłań cukrzycy, szczególnie neuropatii, którą oceniano na podstawie skali NDS, NSS i przewodnictwa nerwowego. Pomiar nacisku [N/cm2] wykonano za pomocą systemu Emed-SF V2.1. WYNIKI BADAŃ. Wśród osób zdrowych stwierdzono największe naciski pod 2 (38,8 N/cm2) i 3 głową (33,4 N/cm2) kości śródstopia. Podobne wyniki uzyskano w populacji osób chorych na cukrzycę typu 1. U chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 ciśnienie pod 2 (45,5 N/cm2), 3 (39,6 N/cm2), 4 (31,8 N/cm2) głową kości śródstopia było statystycznie istotnie wyższe w porównaniu z populacją zdrowych osób. Podobnie wysokie ciśnienie stwierdzono pod 3 i 4 głową kości śródstopia w cukrzycy typu 2 powikłanej neuropatią. WNIOSKI. 1. Miejscami największego nacisku u osób zdrowych są: paluch, pięta, 2 i 3 głowa kości śródstopia. 2. U chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 naciski na 2, 3, 4 i 5 głowie kości śródstopia są istotnie statystycznie większe niż u osób zdrowych i chorych na cukrzycę typu 1. 3. U chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 powikłaną neuropatią ruchową i czuciową najwyższe naciski występują na 3 i 4 głowie kości śródstopia i różnią się one istotnie statystycznie od grupy osób zdrowych. 4. Szczególnych zabiegów prewencyjnych w postaci odciążenia główek kości śródstopia wymagają chorzy na cukrzycę typu 2, zwłaszcza powikłaną neuropatią ruchowo-czuciową.OBJECTIVE. To investigate the distribution of plantar pressures in healthy subjects and in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes with or without sensorimotor neuropathy (SMN). The paper opens a series of studies aiming at the construction of the first Polish prophylactic footwear, which would offload the sites at high risk of plantar foot ulceration. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We studied 215 healthy subjects, 56 patients with type 1 diabetes, and 61 patients with type 2 diabetes. Chronic complications of diabetes were evaluated, especially neuropathy based upon NDS score, NSS score and neural conduction. We used the Emed-SF V2.1 system to measure plantar pressures [N/cm2]. RESULTS. Among the healthy individuals the highest pressures were observed below the second and the third metatarsal head (38,8 N/cm2 and 33,4 N/cm2, respectively). Similar results were found in the group of type 1 diabetes patients. However, the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had statistically significant higher pressures below the second, the third, and the fourth metatarsal head when compared with non-diabetic controls (45,5 N/cm2, 39,6 N/cm2, 31,8 N/cm2, respectively). Similar results below the third and fourth metatarsal head were observed in the group of type 2 diabetes patients complicated by diabetic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS. 1. The highest pressures in healthy subjects were identified under great toe, the second and third metatarsal head. 2. Patients with type 2 diabetes have significantly higher pressures under the second through fifth metatarsal heads as compared with healthy subjects and type 1 diabetics. 3. In patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by SMN the highest pressures are found under the third and fourth metatarsal head, being significantly different from healthy subjects. 4. Special preventive procedures i.e. offloading metatarsal heads are necessary in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially those with concomitant SMN

Innovative process for concentration of fine particle coal slurries. Technical report, March 1- May 31, 1996

Williams Technologies, Inc. And Clarke Rajchel Engineering are developing a technology (patent pending) to produce high quality coal water slurries from preparation plant fine coal streams. The WTI/CRE technology uses the novel implementation of high-shear cross-flow separation which replaces and enhances conventional thickening processes by surpassing normally achievable solids loadings. Dilute ultra-fine (minus 100 mesh) solids slurries can be, concentrated to greater than 60 weight percent and re-mixed, as required, with de-watered coarser fractions to produce pumpable, heavily loaded coal slurries. The permeate (filtrate) resulting from this process has been demonstrated to be crystal clear and totally free of suspended solids. The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the WTI/CRE coal slurry production process technology at the pilot scale. The technology can enable Illinois coal producers and users to realize significant cost and environmental benefits both by eliminating fine coal waste disposal problems and producing an IGCC fuel to produce power which meets all foreseeable clean air standards. Testing was also directed at concentrating mine tailings material to produce a tailings paste which can be mine-back-filled, eliminating the need for tailings ponds. During the grant period, a laboratory-scale test apparatus (up to 3 GPM feed rate) was assembled and operated to demonstrate process performance over a range of feed temperatures and pressures. A dilute coal/water slurry from Consol, Inc.`s Rend Lake Preparation Plant was concentrated using the process to a maximum recorded solids loading of 61.9% solids by weight. Analytical results from the concentrate were evaluated by Destec Energy for suitability as an IGCC fuel

Odkształcenia mostu z kompozytów FRP w świetle różnych metod pomiarowych

Konstrukcje mostowe zbudowane z kompozytów FRP charakteryzują się bardzo małym ciężarem zapewniającym łatwy transport i szybki montaż, możliwościami prefabrykacji całych przęseł, bardzo dużą wytrzymałością, doskonałą trwałością, odpowiednią sztywnością i dobrymi parametrami dynamicznymi. W referacie przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów odkształceń belkowego przęsła mostu typu all-composite. Pomiary odkształceń pod obciążeniem statycznym wykonano trzema różnymi metodami: metodą konwencjonalnej tensometrii elektrooporowej oraz za pomocą technologii strunowej i za pomocą rozłożonych czujników światłowodowe DFOS (ang. distributed fibre optic sensors). Przeprowadzone badania wykazały bardzo dużą zgodność odkształceń pomierzonych tymi metodami. Porównanie trzech technologii pomiarowych pozwoliło także na wybór technologii najbardziej odpowiedniej dla mostów kompozytowych.The all-composite bridges in which both the girder and deck slab are fully made of FRP composite, are characterized by: a very low weight, prefabrication even entire spans, very high strength, excellent durability, appropriate stiffness, and proper dynamic behavior of the bridge. The mail results of strain measurement in the all-composite bridge span under static load test have been presented. Three different measurement methods have been applied: vibrating strain gauge, distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) and strain gauge transducer. The proof load tests have revealed the good agreement and consistency between these results. The comparison made on the basis of measurements has allowed to choose the most appropriate method to be used in the further monitoring system of the bridge

Strains of all-FRP composite bridge measured by the different methods

Konstrukcje mostowe zbudowane z kompozytów FRP charakteryzują się bardzo małym ciężarem zapewniającym łatwy transport i szybki montaż, możliwościami prefabrykacji całych przęseł, bardzo dużą wytrzymałością, doskonałą trwałością, odpowiednią sztywnością i dobrymi parametrami dynamicznymi. W referacie przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów odkształceń belkowego przęsła mostu typu all-composite. Pomiary odkształceń pod obciążeniem statycznym wykonano trzema różnymi metodami: metodą konwencjonalnej tensometrii elektrooporowej oraz za pomocą technologii strunowej i za pomocą rozłożonych czujników światłowodowe DFOS (ang. distributed fibre optic sensors). Przeprowadzone badania wykazały bardzo dużą zgodność odkształceń pomierzonych tymi metodami. Porównanie trzech technologii pomiarowych pozwoliło także na wybór technologii najbardziej odpowiedniej dla mostów kompozytowych.The all-composite bridges in which both the girder and deck slab are fully made of FRP composite, are characterized by: a very low weight, prefabrication even entire spans, very high strength, excellent durability, appropriate stiffness, and proper dynamic behavior of the bridge. The mail results of strain measurement in the all-composite bridge span under static load test have been presented. Three different measurement methods have been applied: vibrating strain gauge, distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) and strain gauge transducer. The proof load tests have revealed the good agreement and consistency between these results. The comparison made on the basis of measurements has allowed to choose the most appropriate method to be used in the further monitoring system of the bridge

Innovative process for concentration of fine particle coal slurries. Technical report, September 1--November 30, 1995

Williams Technologies, Inc. and Clarke Rajchel Engineering are developing a technology (patent pending) to produce high quality coal water slurries from preparation plant fine coal streams. The WTI/CRE technology uses the novel implementation of high-shear cross-flow separation which replaces and enhances conventional thickening processes by surpassing normally achievable solids loadings. Dilute ultra-fine (minus 100 mesh) solids slurries can be concentrated to greater than 60 weight percent and re-mixed, as required, with de-watered coarser fractions to produce pumpable, heavily loaded coal slurries. The permeate (filtrate) resulting from this process has been demonstrated to be crystal clear and totally free of suspended solids. The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the WTI/CRE coal slurry production process technology at the pilot scale. The technology will enable Illinois coal producers and users to realize significant coast and environmental benefits both by eliminating fine coal waste disposal problems and producing an IGCC fuel to produce power which meets all foreseeable clean air standards. In addition, testing is also directed at concentrating mine tailings material to produce a tailings paste which can be mine-back-, filled and thus eliminate the need for tailings ponds. This reporting period, September 1, 1995 through November 30, 1995, marked the inception of this project. During this period Task No. 1, Procurement and Set-Up, was completed. The pilot plant apparatus was constructed at the SIU Coal Research Center in Carterville, Illinois. All equipment and feedstock were received at the site

Innovative process for concentration of fine particle coal slurries. Final technical report, September 1, 1995--August 31, 1996

Williams Technologies, Inc. And Clarke Rajchel Engineering are developing a technology (patent pending) to produce high quality coal water slurries from preparation plant fine coal streams. The WTI/CRE technology uses the novel implementation of high-shear cross-flow separation which replaces and enhances conventional thickening processes by surpassing normally achievable solids loadings. Dilute ultra-fine (minus 100 mesh) solids slurries can be concentrated to greater than 60 weight percent and remixed, as required, with de-watered coarser fractions to produce pumpable, heavily loaded coal slurries. The permeate (filtrate) resulting from this process has been demonstrated to be crystal clear and totally free of suspended solids. The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the WTI/CRE coal slurry production process technology at the pilot scale. The technology can enable Illinois coal producers and users to realize significant cost and environmental benefits both by eliminating fine coal waste disposal problems and producing an IGCC fuel to produce power which meets all foreseeable clean air standards. Testing was also directed at concentrating mine tailings material to produce a tailings paste which can be mine-back- filled, eliminating the need for tailings ponds. During the grant period, a laboratory-scale test apparatus (up to 3 GPM feed rate) was assembled and operated to demonstrate process performance over a range of feed temperatures and pressures. A dilute coal/water slurry from Consol, Inc.`s Rend Lake Preparation Plant was concentrated with the process to a maximum recorded solids loading of 61.9% solids by weight. Analytical results from the concentrate were evaluated by Destec Energy for suitability as an IGCC fuel