Functionalization of carbon nanotubes and its application in nanomedicine: A review 1, 2*

ABSTRACT: This review focuses on the latest developments in applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medicine. A brief history of CNTs and a general introduction to the field are presented. Then, surface modification of CNTs that makes them ideal for use in medical applications is highlighted. Examples of common applications, including cell penetration, drug delivery, gene delivery and imaging, are given. At the same time, there are concerns about their possible adverse effects on human health, since there is evidence that exposure to CNTs induces toxic effects in experimental models. However, CNTs are not a single substance but a growing family of different materials possibly eliciting different biological responses. As a consequence, the hazards associated with the exposure of humans to the different forms of CNTs may be different. Understanding the structure-toxicity relationships would help towards the assessment of the risk related to these materials. Finally, toxicity of CNTs, are discussed. This review article overviews the most recent applications of CNTs in Nanomedicine, covering the period from 1991 to early 2015

Removal of ammonium ions from wastewater: A short review in development of efficient methods

Ammonium ions wastewater pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of ammonium ions is a special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for ammonium ion removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat ammonium ion wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include ion exchange, adsorption, biosorption, wet air oxidation, biofiltration, diffused aeration, nitrification and denitrification methods. About 75 published studies (1979-2015) are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion exchange, adsorption and biological technology are the most frequently studied for the treatment of ammonium ion wastewater

Recent Developments in Adsorption of Dyes Using Graphene Based Nanomaterials

Dyes are frequently let out into the environment along with wastewater sans necessary treatment. Fast, cost-effective, scientific and suitable elimination of dyes from wastewaters has been an important problem for researchers. Adsorption technique is a robust, well studied, widely employed and promising water treatment method. In the last decade, nanocarbon based adsorbents have gained attention in water treatment. These adsorbents are usually produced from low cost substrate and are found to be highly efficient than other adsorbents. Recently, graphene based nanomaterials are widely used as adsorbents to sorb various toxic organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. It showed high efficiency due to its chemical stability, structure, surface area and surface functional groups. So graphene are called as ‘miracle material’. Recently nanographene composites are proven to be a likely adsorbent for eliminating contaminants from the industrial effluents. In this chapter, we have presented briefly the synthesis of graphene and its other variants viz., GO, rGO and nano graphene composites. This chapter presents a small introduction to adsorption principles and adsorption isotherms. It explains the synthesis and use of nano graphene materials for the remediation of dyes. It also consolidates the recent literature available for dye adsorption using graphene materials and its mechanism