The Relational Impact of Multiple Sclerosis: An Integrative Review of the Literature Using a Cognitive Analytic Framework

This integrative literature review uses cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) theory to examine the impact of a chronic illness, multiple sclerosis (MS), on relationships and mental health. Electronic searches were conducted in six medical and social science databases. Thirty-eight articles met inclusion criteria, and also satisfied quality criteria. Articles revealed that MS-related demands change care needs and alter relationships. Using a CAT framework, the MS literature was analysed, and five key patterns of relating to oneself and to others were identified. A diagrammatic formulation is proposed that interconnects these patterns with wellbeing and suggests potential “exits” to improve mental health, for example, assisting families to minimise overprotection. Application of CAT analysis to the literature clarifies relational processes that may affect mental health among individuals with MS, which hopefully will inform how services assist in reducing unhelpful patterns and improve coping. Further investigation of the identified patterns is needed

Lying and its Sociodemographic Characteristics

Melas ir melavimas įvairiomis savo apraiškomis yra labai plačiai paplitęs fenomenas, tačiau rimtesnių melo paplitimo ypatumų studijų vis dar stinga. Todėl mūsų tyrimo tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti melavimo paplitimo tarp studentų ypatumus bei studentų požiūrį į melavimą. Tyrimui buvo naudojamas vienkartinis anoniminės apklausos metodas (standartinis sociodemografinis klausimynas bei klausimai, susiję su melo vartojimu norint pagerinti gyvenimo kokybę ir požiūriu į lietuvių tautos polinkį meluoti). Tyrime dalyvavo 836 įvairių Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų studentai (18-35 m.). Rezultatai parodė, kad universitetuose studijuojantys vyrai save dažniau įvardijo kaip mėgstančius meluoti, tačiau jaunesnės bakalauro studijose universitetuose besimokančios moterys reikšmingai dažniau nurodė, kad melo pagalba galima pagerinti gyvenimo kokybę. Vyresni, dirbantys ir šeimas sukūrę respondentai reikšmingai dažniau teigė, kad lietuviai yra linkę meluoti.Lying plays a much more important role in our lives than it is generally thought. People learn to lie at an early age and later on “refine” this psychosocial phenomenon. Lying can only be defined as a positive or negative characteristic when facing legal codes. However, in the opinion of psychologists, the unconditional telling of the truth can be considered as a certain pathology. Hypothesis of the research – students often lie and consider Lithuanians as prone to lie. Objective of the research – to determine patterns of lie prevalence amongst students and student approaches towards lying. Set goals of the research: 1. To determine sociodemographic characteristics of the prevalence of lying among students; 2. To identify correlations between lie occurrence and quality of life; 3. To determine students’ attitude towards national characteristics of lying; To carry out the research an anonymous survey methodology was applied, including a standard sociodemographic questionnaire (sex, age, place of residence, higher education institution, marital and employment status) and questions concerning lying when lying is intended to improve quality of life, and a nation’s tendency to lie. The research comprised of 836 students (aged 18-35), of which the mean age was 25.4 years, (SD – 5.76), 95 percent CI=19.27 – 28.37 years; male and female groups by age were homogenous. The research has revealed that sex, place of residence, education, and higher education institution were not significantly related with student opinion that Lithuanians are prone to lie. Findings of the research: 1. The research determined that male respondents from universities admit that they are prone to lying; 2. Undergraduate female respondents studying at university significantly more often agree that lying helps to improve quality of life; 3. Older, married and employed respondents more often stated that Lithuanians are prone to lie. The research justified the hypothesis that students admit that they are prone to lie, as is the whole nation