Injury-in-Fact, Justice-in-Fiction: Toward a More Realistic Definition of Injury in the Context of Unenforced Criminal Laws

This article argues that the prosecution or the credible threat of prosecution standard endorsed by the Supreme Court of the United States to analyze standing in challenges to criminal laws is too narrow. Part I seeks to counter the notion of unenforced criminal laws as dead words and harmless empty shadows by reviewing recent research from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and economics, which shows that unenforced laws have as strong an effect on individuals and society as prosecution or the threat of prosecution. Part II traces the history and rationale of the notion of standing and the requirement of injury and examines recent standing cases, arguing that there is room in Article III standing for a wider definition of injury caused by criminal laws

Injury-in-Fact, Justice-in-Fiction: Toward a More Realistic Definition of Injury in the Context of Unenforced Criminal Laws

This article argues that the prosecution or the credible threat of prosecution standard endorsed by the Supreme Court of the United States to analyze standing in challenges to criminal laws is too narrow. Part I seeks to counter the notion of unenforced criminal laws as dead words and harmless empty shadows by reviewing recent research from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and economics, which shows that unenforced laws have as strong an effect on individuals and society as prosecution or the threat of prosecution. Part II traces the history and rationale of the notion of standing and the requirement of injury and examines recent standing cases, arguing that there is room in Article III standing for a wider definition of injury caused by criminal laws

Review of \u3ci\u3eMethods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals,\u3c/i\u3e by Robert McCleery

Small mammals are used in ecological studies throughout the world, yet the subject has lacked a clear reference that included upto- date methods pertaining to passive detection, molecular, and statistical approaches. In Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals, McCleery and his coauthors build on previous research references (Braun 2005, Sutherland 2006, Krebs 2014, Silvy 2020) and present methodologies specific to the study of small mammals that are applicable globally. Written as an asset for novice and experienced small mammal researchers alike, Methods for Ecological Research on Terrestrial Small Mammals is organized in a logical format, providing readers with an overview of available detection and capture methods before introducing study design. Beginning with detection techniques, the authors first describe benefits and challenges of passive-detection methods, such as hair sampling tubes or owl pellets, and then move into an analysis of active detection methods, including live box traps and snap traps. Additionally, the authors discuss the types of data that can be collected from these methods. Pictures and descriptions of trap types, placement, and drift fences used to funnel small mammals to traps help clarify methods that can be used. Readers will appreciate the succinct table outlining each trap type, the environments in which the traps are commonly used, and the strengths and challenges of the methods

Effects of tillage systems and crop rotations on the economics of spring wheat, winter wheat, flax and field peas for a thin Black soil at Indian Head

Non-Peer ReviewedThe long term viability and profitability of agriculture in western Canada is dependent on our ability to maintain or enhance the production potential of the soil. The current problems associated with wind and water erosion and the widespread use of soil degradative cultural practices threaten the long term sustainability of dryland crop production. The adoption of new soil conserving production systems requires that they be profitable in the short and long term. This paper discusses the economic performance of zero, minimum and conventional tillage management using three different crop rotations in the thin Black Soil Zone of east central Saskatchewan. All inputs were costed according to local prices quoted at the time of use. The same procedure was used for prices of commodities. The production costs for flax, spring wheat, and field peas grown on stubble were similar for all three tillage systems. The production costs for spring wheat grown on fallow was higher under zero till than either minimum or conventional tillage. Given similar production costs and higher yields for crops grown on stubble under zero and minimum tillage management, these production systems were more profitable than the traditional conventional tillage production system

The Aims of the Criminal Law

Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) is an interesting material for sustainable photovoltaics, but efficiencies are limitedby the low open-circuit voltage. A possible cause of this is disorder among the Cu and Zn cations, aphenomenon which is difficult to detect by standard techniques. We show that this issue can beovercome using near-resonant Raman scattering, which lets us estimate a critical temperature of 533±10 K for the transition between ordered and disordered CZTS. These findings have deepsignificance for the synthesis of high-quality material, and pave the way for quantitative investigationof the impact of disorder on the performance of CZTS-based solar cells.kestCa

Establishment of national information services for SMI : some issues to be considered

Meeting: Joint UNIDO / ISTIC Workshop on the Formulation of Industrial and Technological Information Service System for Small and Medium Industries of China, 6-10 Apr. 1987, Beijing, C

IDRC industrial information program and cooperation with UNIDO

Meeting: Workshop for UNIDO / Industrial and Technological Information Bank Focal Points on Industrial Information Networking and Co-operation, 30 May-3 June 1988, Moskva, S

Fertilizer-N management and nitrous oxide emissions from four sites in Saskatchewan

Non-Peer ReviewedNitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas that also depletes stratospheric ozone. The use of fertilizer-N for agricultural purposes is thought to contribute significantly to Canadian anthropogenic N2O emissions. However, the influence of fertilizer-N form, placement, rates of application, and their interaction with soil and climate is not well understood. We report on a 3-year project that compared N2O emissions from four locations with contrasting soil and climatic conditions in Saskatchewan. Spring wheat was fertilized with urea and anhydrous ammonia (AA) banded in the fall, or in mid-row and side-row positions at seeding time in the spring. N2O emissions were similar from AA compared to urea. Emissions tended to be higher when fertilizer-N was placed in a mid-row compared to side-row banded position. Within the range of rates applied in this study, N2O emissions increased linearly with fertilizer-N rate. The percentage of fertilizer-N lost as N2O calculated from our data ranged from near zero (in drought conditions) to 1.0 %. Most values fell at or below 0.4 % with an overall mean of 0.2 %