Simulation of Naval Wargames

Computerised naval wargames are being used worldwide for operational planning, personnel training, operational development, and research and development. These wargames simulatesurface, antisubmarine warfare, anti-air, and air warfare. Generally, the three forces participate in these wargames, namely blue (friendly), red (enemy), and neutral. The platforms of theseforces, ie, ships, submarines, and aircraft along with their sensors and weapons are simulated under varying environmental conditions. These platforms are manoeuvered by the players withconflicting objectives, and they consequently detect, react, engage, and inflict or suffer damages. Efforts are made to model the performance of weapons and sensors. The outcome of the wargames has been analysed and used for the required purposes

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This is a book chapter based on review of secondary data.Climate change is being experienced by the hill community in the form of rising temperatures, extreme climatic events, changing rainfall pattern, and frequently occurring drought-like situations. In hills of Uttarakhand, agriculture and animal husbandry are the main occupations, and therefore, food and nutritional security much more depends on favorable climatic conditions. Crop productivity in the hilly areas is getting reduced because of low soil fertility and higher pest and disease infestations. The persistent changes in weather conditions have resulted in overall decrease in the water level in almost all the water sources of the area. The area under irrigation is decreasing gradually due to drying of most of the water bodies for irrigation resulting in low productivity of crops. Rising temperature has led to the shift in forest biodiversity. Pine trees have replaced broad leaf tree species which is posing a major threat to fodder availability and have resulted in increased forest fire incidents. People in hill region have learned to live and survive with risks for thousands of years, but the present rate of climate change is very rapid which demands much attention for the socioeconomic concerns in the area. Women in hills are involved in maintaining and promoting agricultural genetic diversity by selecting, conserving, and propagating seeds. Participatory adaptation strategies with women involved at every stage must be framed as they have rich traditional knowledge and experience with respect to crop adaptation to enhance food security. Drought-resistant crop varieties should be promoted to address drought-like situations and instances of less rain during cropping seasons. Dual-purpose crop varieties which can be grown for grain as well as for fodder could save a lot of time and drudgery of women involved in carrying back-breaking load up and down in hilly terrains. Developmental policies and strategies should be supportive to enhance access and control of men and women over natural resources in order to conserve natural resources, alleviate poverty, and ensure that vulnerable groups including women are enabled to cope with the climate change.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis study tries to investigate socio-economic status of hill farmers to correlate it with their adoption of improved farm practices which were meant for higher yield, return, proper utilization of natural resources, sustainable livelihood security and food & nutritional enrichment.ICAR-VPKA

Effect of nucleoside-5<i>'</i>-phosphates on collagen- induced <i>in vitro </i>mineralization

844-846Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) at 4-10 μM concentrations were found to inhibit the rates of collagen-induced in vitro mineralization and ion exchange reactions. The sequential removal of the terminal phosphate groups caused a step-wise decrease in their inhibitory potency. The results suggest that NTPs inhibit the rates of ion uptake and exchange reactions at concentrations much lower than their intracellular physiological concentrations. Thus NTPs may be involved in the control of biological mineralization and the tissues which mineralize under physiological conditions develop a system to locally convert NTPs to NDPs and NMPs

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Not AvailableWheat is a major rabi crop grown in hills of Uttarakhand although still under subsistence farming at a majority of the places. Consequently, there is a great scope of increasing the production and productivity in the region with scientific interventions. Frontline demonstrations (FLDs) of improved high yielding varieties viz., VL Gehun 907 and VL Gehun 953 were conducted by ICAR-VPKAS, Almora during rabi 2014-15, 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 covering a total of 252 farmers. The yield and economic returns of FLD plots were compared with the corresponding farmers’ practices. Results revealed that technology index was much lower for VL Gehun 953 (range 8.2 to 23.6) than VL Gehun 907 (range 27.9 to 44.4) at farmers’ field which shows that VL Gehun 953 has more potential to achieve higher yield levels under hill conditions. Both the varieties recorded higher gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio in demonstrated plot. The profitability analysis exhibited that VL Gehun 907 with B:C ratio 2.06 (2014-15), 3.02(2016-17), VL Gehun 953 with B:C ratio 2.93(2016-17), 2.80(2017-18) and 2.91(2018-19) were more profitable than local wheat varieties.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn this study an attempt has been made to delineate the extent of use of ICT tools by hill farmers and the associated social factors which influence the extent of use of ICT tools by them.ICAR-VPKA

Role of a protein inhibitor isolated from human renal stone matrix in urolithiasis

113-117The role of biomolecule(s) from renal stone matrix in urolithiasis was investigated. The ability of a particular fraction (>10 kDa fraction) isolated from the EDTA extract of powdered human renal stones to influence calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal growth was studied. The most potent inhibitor of COM crystal growth obtained from >10 kDa fraction was purified by various chromatographic techniques and SDS-PAGE, etc. and was found to have a molecular mass of 36 kDa. The urine and serum samples obtained from normal persons were found to be more potent in inhibiting the growth of COM crystals as compared to the kidney-stone patients. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against this inhibitor and were employed to determine the concentration of 36 kDa inhibitor in urine and serum samples of normal persons and kidney-stone patients