Comparison of the cellular cytotoxic activities of colostral lymphocytes and maternal peripheral blood lymphocytes

Colostral lymphocytes (CL) from mothers 2 to 4 days post-partum and autologous maternal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were investigated for (1) natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities, (2) target binding ability, (3) interferon (IFN)- and interleukin 2 (IL2)-induced augmentation of NK activity, (4) lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC), and (5) the ability of culture-derived soluble suppressor factor(s) to inhibit the NK activity of normal allogeneic lymphocytes. CL depleted of adherent cells and Percoll-separated NK-enriched subpopulations of CL demonstrated significantly lower NK and ADCC activities compared to autologous PBL. However, the target binding ability of CL was comparable to autologous PBL. Although the residual NK activity of CL was augmented by IFN and IL2, the activity was not enhanced to the same level shown by autologous PBL. CL also demonstrated a significant enhancement of LDCC activity, although the activity was not stimulated to the levels shown by PBL. Culture supernates of CL manifested greater suppression of the NK ability of allogeneic PBL than culture supernates produced by autologous PBL. These results are consistent with a model that suggests differential partitioning of lymphocyte subpopulations between colostrum and peripheral blood.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25675/1/0000228.pd

Pharmacotherapy for Conjunctival Malignancies

Medical therapy for ocular malignancies is an expanding field with increasing options for ocular surface malignancies. Epithelial, lymphoproliferative, and pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva now all have pharmacologic therapeutic options at the clinician’s disposal. Topical chemotherapy drops of interferon alpha-2b (IFNα-2b), 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin have shown promising results as a primary therapy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). They have also been used as adjuvants to surgical excision. While these agents are the main medical agents for OSSN, retinoic acid, aloe vera, cidofovir, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor have been tried with some success. Pharmacological therapy for ocular and adnexal lymphoma is dependent on whether the disease is localized (unilateral or bilateral) or systemic. Local therapy has traditionally been radiotherapy, but local injections of rituximab and interferon have shown some success in small series. Systemic disease is treated with systemic chemotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies and radio-tagged monoclonal agents. Pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva are life threatening, and surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. In cases of unresectable disease, and as adjuvants, medical therapies are needed. Mitomycin has an effect against pigmented cells. While imperfect, it reduces ocular surface pigmentation. The use of IFNα-2b has been reported with less success. Novel checkpoint inhibitors targeting programed cell death 1 (PD-1), such as pembrolizumab, have shown early potential for pigmented lesions of the ocular surface, but additional data is needed to understand their role in conjunctival melanoma