Proximity-Induced Interfacial Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Semiconducting Fe₃GeTe₂

The discoveries of two-dimensional ferromagnetism and magnetic semiconductors highly enrich the magnetic material family for constructing spin-based electronic devices, but with an acknowledged challenge that the Curie temperature (Tc) is usually far below room temperature. Many efforts such as voltage control and magnetic ion doping are currently underway to enhance the functional temperature, in which the involvement of additional electrodes or extra magnetic ions limits their application in practical devices. Here we demonstrate that the magnetic proximity, a robust effect but with elusive mechanisms, can induce room-temperature ferromagnetism at the interface between sputtered Pt and semiconducting Fe3GeTe2, both of which do not show ferromagnetism at 300 K. The independent electrical and magnetization measurements, structure analysis, and control samples with Ta highlighting the role of Pt confirm that the ferromagnetism with the Tc of above 400 K arises from the Fe3GeTe2/Pt interfaces, rather than Fe aggregation or other artificial effects. Moreover, contrary to conventional ferromagnet/Pt structures, the spin current generated by the Pt layer is enhanced more than two times at the Fe3GeTe2/Pt interfaces, indicating the potential applications of the unique proximity effect in building highly efficient spintronic devices. These results may pave a new avenue to create room-temperature functional spin devices based on low-Tc materials and provide clear evidence of magnetic proximity effects by using nonferromagnetic materials

Additional file 5: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Figure S1. Migration and invasion assays of the five PCa cell lines. (A–B) Representative images and statistical comparison between PC-3 M 2B4 and PC-3 M 1E8 cells in wound healing (A, 100×) and Transwell (B, 200×) assays. (C–D) Representative images and statistical comparison among LNCAP, PC-3, and DU145 cells by wound healing (C, 100×) and Transwell (D, 200×) assays. ***P < 0.001; Scale bar = 150 μm. (TIF 19013 kb

Additional file 8: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Figure S3. The pairwise comparison matrix used in the AHP model. The weighting coefficients of the criteria layer were calculated on the basis of the maximum eigenvalue using the sum-product method. (TIF 481 kb

Additional file 2: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Table S2. Antibodies used in Western blot analysis. (DOCX 21 kb

Additional file 7: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Figure S2. Functions of the differentially expressed genes in glucose and glycogen metabolism. These genes included HK2, PDP2, G6PD, PGK1, PHKA1, PYGL, PDK1, and PKM2. (TIF 1108 kb

Additional file 3: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Determination of the positive standard for CTCs counting. (DOCX 133 kb

Additional file 1: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Table S1. Primer sequences for qRT-PCR. (DOCX 20 kb

Additional file 9: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Table S5. Weighted scores of the metabolic gene candidates calculated by the AHP-based model. (DOCX 20 kb

Additional file 6: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Table S4. Gene information on the Human Glucose Metabolism Array. (DOCX 19 kb

Additional file 11: of Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer

Table S7. Metabolic and EMT subtypes of CTCs in non-metastatic and metastatic PCa patients (Cohort 2). (DOCX 24 kb