Cytomorphological overview of fine-needle aspiration breast utilizing the International Academy of Cytology – Yokohama system of reporting

Background: Benign and malignant lesions of breast are one of the most common causes of palpable masses seen in women. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the important modality of diagnosis of breast lumps. Previously, there were no uniform criteria for reporting breast FNAC. To overcome this problem, the newly designed system – International Academy of Cytology (IAC) – Yokohama system of reporting was implemented in 2016. The system offers a structured report to the patient. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to categorize breast FNAC according to the IAC – Yokohama system of reporting, to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of the test, and to analyze the cytomorphological spectrum of various breast lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 patients presenting with breast lump in cytology section were subjected to FNAC using a 22 gauge needle under all aseptic precautions. Detailed clinical history was taken. All cytology and histopathology examination slides (wherever available) were thoroughly studied. FNAC smears were reported using IAC – Yokohama system of reporting. Results: In our study, benign category (C2) was most commonly seen in 73.33% of cases, followed by 10.48% of cases of atypical probably benign (C3), 2.38% of cases were reported as suspicious (C4), and 11.43% of cases were reported as malignant (C5). Cytohistopathological concordance was seen in 38 cases (88.4%) whereas five cases were reported as discordant. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the diagnosis of malignancy were 81% and 100%, respectively. PPV was 100%. NPV was 90.90%. Diagnostic accuracy of the test was 93.47%. Conclusion: The newer IAC – Yokohama system of reporting of breast FNAC is simple, has clear diagnostic criteria hence boost up the confidence as well has uniformity of reporting by cytopathologist, and increases the understanding and uniformity in assessment by the attending clinician which help in improving the communication between the pathologist and the treating clinician

The Sensitivity of The Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) Retrievals of Carbon Monoxide to the Lowermost Troposphere

In this thesis, the measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) obtained from an nadir sounding Measurement Of Pollution In The troposphere (MOPITT) instrument are used. Atmospheric CO is one of the most abundant and widely distributed air pollutant and is a very important indirect greenhouse gas via its reaction with the OH radical which in turn controls the oxidising capacity of the troposphere. In this thesis, the MOPITT Level 2 Version 3 (L2V3) retrieved CO data is primarily used and compared with recently released (April 2009) Level 2 Version 4 (L2V4) retrieved CO data to examine the potential of the MOPITT instrument to differentiate emission features in the lowermost troposphere including mega-cities. This study develops a novel robust methodology using day-night difference profile simulations to examine the ability of the instrument to identify CO enhancements in the lowermost layer of the atmosphere using ‘typical’ averaging kernels. More realistic CO profiles from the TOMCAT model are then used to validate this methodology. The day-night difference simulations are performed for the Indian subcontinent. It is shown that for L2V3, the daytime and nighttime degrees of freedom for a signal (DOFS) exhibit a bi-modal distribution for all selected Indian regions. The L2V3 simulation study clearly demonstrates, for higher DOFS, that day700-night700 differences give a closer differentiation of lowermost CO than other measures for MOPITT data, the first time that this has been processed. For L2V4, similar DOFS distributions are observed for the Indian subcontinent. The L2V4 simulation study also demonstrates for the first time that day850-night700 CO differences give a closer differentiation of lowermost CO by taking account of L2V4 day and night a priori mixing ratios. Finally, the methodologies developed in chapter 3 and 4 are applied to identify spatially isolated signals of lowermost CO for one year of data i.e. 2007. Features associated with nearly 100 cities are identified, the use of thresholds for higher DOFS retrievals and the use of non-surface retrieval levels with less tie to a priori. The significant step forward being consistent day-night differences for two different analyses (L2V3, L2V4)

The sensitivity of the measurement of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) retrievals of carbon monoxide to the lowermost troposphere

In this thesis, the measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) obtained from an nadir sounding Measurement Of Pollution In The troposphere (MOPITT) instrument are used. Atmospheric CO is one of the most abundant and widely distributed air pollutant and is a very important indirect greenhouse gas via its reaction with the OH radical which in turn controls the oxidising capacity of the troposphere. In this thesis, the MOPITT Level 2 Version 3 (L2V3) retrieved CO data is primarily used and compared with recently released (April 2009) Level 2 Version 4 (L2V4) retrieved CO data to examine the potential of the MOPITT instrument to differentiate emission features in the lowermost troposphere including mega-cities. This study develops a novel robust methodology using day-night difference profile simulations to examine the ability of the instrument to identify CO enhancements in the lowermost layer of the atmosphere using ‘typical’ averaging kernels. More realistic CO profiles from the TOMCAT model are then used to validate this methodology. The day-night difference simulations are performed for the Indian subcontinent. It is shown that for L2V3, the daytime and nighttime degrees of freedom for a signal (DOFS) exhibit a bi-modal distribution for all selected Indian regions. The L2V3 simulation study clearly demonstrates, for higher DOFS, that day700-night700 differences give a closer differentiation of lowermost CO than other measures for MOPITT data, the first time that this has been processed. For L2V4, similar DOFS distributions are observed for the Indian subcontinent. The L2V4 simulation study also demonstrates for the first time that day850-night700 CO differences give a closer differentiation of lowermost CO by taking account of L2V4 day and night a priori mixing ratios. Finally, the methodologies developed in chapter 3 and 4 are applied to identify spatially isolated signals of lowermost CO for one year of data i.e. 2007. Features associated with nearly 100 cities are identified, the use of thresholds for higher DOFS retrievals and the use of non-surface retrieval levels with less tie to a priori. The significant step forward being consistent day-night differences for two different analyses (L2V3, L2V4).EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Synthetic and Structural Exploration of [2(4)]Tetrathiacalix[2]arene[2]pyrimidines

A novel class of two atom bridged metacyclophanes-[2(4)]thiacalix[2]arene[2]pyrimidines-has been synthesized via a straightforward S(N)Ar reaction. The conformational properties and intra-annular dimensions of the [2(4)]thiacalix[2]arene[2]pyrimidines were evaluated by X-ray structure analysis and compared with known homothia- and thiacalixarenes. Post-macrocyclization oxidation of the bridging sulfur moieties resulted in a [2(4)]sulfonylcalix[2]arene[2]pyrimidine, which gave access to an unexplored cavity size among sulfonylcalixarenes.status: publishe

Synthetic protocols towards homodithiacalix[<i>n</i>]arenes

<div><p>Synthetic procedures towards homodithiacalix[<i>n</i>]arenes are developed, starting from simple and readily available bifunctional aryl building blocks, by a dynamic covalent chemistry approach. Reaction of 1,3-bis(mercaptomethyl)-5-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-methoxybenzene under basic conditions leads to a mixture of trimeric, tetrameric and pentameric dimethylenedithia-bridged cyclooligomers, whereas reaction of 5-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-methoxy-1,3-bis(thiocyanatomethyl) benzene under reducing conditions (and subsequent oxidation) affords the homodithiacalix[4]arene macrocycle in a very selective fashion through efficient disulphide exchange chemistry.</p></div