Impact: Collected Essays on the Threat of Economic Inequality.

On April 17, 2015, the Impact Center for Public Interest Law at New York Law School hosted a symposium entitled Tackling Economic Inequality to bring together policymakers, advocates, academics, and community members to explore some of the causes and solutions to this growing problem. The essays collected in this volume, written by leading social justice advocates, are published to stimulate continued conversation on this critically important issue.https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/racial_justice_project/1004/thumbnail.jp

Impact: Collected Essays on the Threat of Economic Inequality.

On April 17, 2015, the Impact Center for Public Interest Law at New York Law School hosted a symposium entitled Tackling Economic Inequality to bring together policymakers, advocates, academics, and community members to explore some of the causes and solutions to this growing problem. The essays collected in this volume, written by leading social justice advocates, are published to stimulate continued conversation on this critically important issue.https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/racial_justice_project/1004/thumbnail.jp

IDEAS Private Sector Study of Maternal Newborn Child Health Data Sharing in Uttar Pradesh, India

IDEAS presented to the Uttar Pradesh Technical Support Unit (a project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support the work of the Uttar Pradesh health system) on 3 September 2014 on a study of how the private sector can share data with the public sector to help the public sector with resource planning: Study overview In support of TSU’s Objective 3a • Sub-obj: Create robust systems for data collection, analysis, and planning to improve programme management (e.g.HMIS) Utility of the findings •To jointly develop and test a strategy for data sharing on key MNCH services with the private health sector in UP. Aim of the present study •To explore current data management and reporting systems for MNCH data in the private sector, and barriers and facilitators to obtaining private sector data and setting up such system

Impact of outpatient neuraminidase inhibitor treatment in patients infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at high risk of hospitalization: an Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta-analysis

Background: While evidence exists to support the effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) in reducing mortality when given to hospitalized patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection, the impact of outpatient treatment on hospitalization has not been clearly established. We investigated the impact of outpatient NAI treatment on subsequent hospitalization in patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. Methods: We assembled general community and outpatient data from 9 clinical centers in different countries collected between January 2009 and December 2010. We standardized data from each study center to create a pooled dataset and then used mixed-effects logistic regression modeling to determine the effect of NAI treatment on hospitalization. We adjusted for NAI treatment propensity and preadmission antibiotic use, including “study center” as a random intercept to account for differences in baseline hospitalization rate between centers. Results: We included 3376 patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, of whom 3085 (91.4%) had laboratory-confirmed infection. Eight hundred seventy-three patients (25.8%) received outpatient or community-based NAI treatment, 928 of 2395 (38.8%) with available data had dyspnea or respiratory distress, and hospitalizations occurred in 1705 (50.5%). After adjustment for preadmission antibiotics and NAI treatment propensity, preadmission NAI treatment was associated with decreased odds of hospital admission compared to no NAI treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.30). Conclusions: In a population with confirmed or suspected A(H1N1)pdm09 and at high risk of hospitalization, outpatient or community-based NAI treatment significantly reduced the likelihood of requiring hospital admission. These data suggest that community patients with severe influenza should receive NAI treatment

Framing research on school principals' identities

This paper provides a basis for a tentative framework for guiding future research into principals’ identity construction and development. It is situated in the context of persisting emphases placed by government policies on the need for technocratic competencies in principals as a means of demonstrating success defined largely as compliance with demands for the improvement in student test scores. Often this emphasis is at the expense of forwarding a broader view of the need, alongside these, for clear educational values, beliefs and practices that are associated with these. The framework is informed by the theoretical work of Wenger and Bourdieu as well as recent empirical research on the part played by professional identity and emotions in school leadership. In the paper, we highlight different lines of inquiry and the issues they raise for researchers. We argue that the constructions of school leadership identities are located in time, space and place, and emotions reflect complex leadership identities situated within social hierarchies which are part of wider structures and social relations of power and control

Effects of improved street lighting on crime

Improved street lighting serves many functions and is used in both public and private settings. The prevention of personal and property crime is one of its objectives in public space, which is the main focus of this review. There are two main theories of why improved street lighting may cause a reduction in crime. The first suggests that improved lighting leads to increased surveillance of potential offenders (both by improving visibility and by increasing the number of people on the street) and hence to increased deterrence of potential offenders. The second suggests that improved lighting signals community investment in the area and that the area is improving, leading to increased community pride, community cohesiveness, and informal social control. The first theory predicts decreases in crime especially during the hours of darkness, while the second theory predicts decreases in crime during both daytime and nighttime. Results of this review indicate that improved street lighting significantly reduces crime. This lends support for the continued use of improved street lighting to prevent crime in public space. The review also found that nighttime crimes did not decrease more than daytime crimes. This suggests that a theory of street lighting focusing on its role in increasing community pride and informal social control may be more plausible than a theory focusing on increased surveillance and increased deterrence. Future research should be designed to test the main theories of the effects of improved street lighting more explicitly, and future lighting schemes should employ high quality evaluation designs with long-term followups