Solar chargers based on new dye-based photovoltaic modules and new supercapacitors

Electricity storage is one of the best-known methods of balancing the energy supply and demand at a given moment. The article presents an innovative solution for the construction of an electric energy storage device obtained from an innovative photovoltaic panel made of new dye-based photovoltaic modules and newly developed supercapacitors – which can be used as an emergency power source. In the paper, for the first time, we focused on the successful paring of new dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with novel supercapacitors. In the first step, a microprocessor stand was constructed using Artificial Intelligence algorithms to control the parameters of the environment, as well as the solar charger composed of six DSSC cells with the dimensions of 100_100 mm and 126 CR2032 coin cells with a total capacitance of 60 F containing redox-active aqueous electrolyte. It was proven that the solar charger store enough energy to power, i.e. SOS transmitter or igniters, using a 5 V signal

Influence of regulator on financial factors of the electricity distribution system operators

Energia elektryczna jest produktem przeznaczonym na sprzedaż. Ma jednak specyficzne znaczenie, które skutkuje nadaniem jej przymiotu dobra publicznego. Przyczyną takiego stanu jest konieczność zagwarantowania ciągłości jej dostaw. Niezbędna jest nie tylko dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania gospodarstw domowych, lecz w szczególności konieczna dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa kraju. W obowiązującym systemie gospodarczym, posługując się terminem konstytucyjnym: społeczną gospodarką rynkową, to konkurencja, uważana jest za najlepszą metodę kształtowania rynku i występujących w jego ramach stosunków. Niewątpliwie nie we wszystkich podsektorach energetyki niewidzialna ręka rynku pozwala na realizację swoich celów i funkcji w sposób wystarczający. Zatem niezbędne staje się wprowadzenie odpowiednich, aktywnych mechanizmów regulacji stanowiących skuteczny substytut dla konkurencji. Regulatorowi – czyli prezesowi Urzę- du Regulacji Energetyki przypisano szereg zadań i kompetencji. Ma on obowiązek dbania o interes państwa w zakresie rozwoju przedsiębiorstw energetycznych. Równocześnie wykonuje on zadanie ochrony odbiorcy końcowego przed nakładaniem nieuzasadnionych opłat za dostarczaną energię. Jednakże regulator nie może być rzecznikiem wyselekcjonowanej grupy uczestników rynku. Jego funkcją jest zastępowanie mechanizmów konkurencji rynkowej przy wykorzystaniu dostępnych narzędzi prawnych i ekonomicznych. Rolę regulatora należy określić, jako zamiennika rynku konkurencyjnego. Połączenie wskazanych powyżej zadań jest trudne, ale możliwe, przy zachowaniu niezależności regulatora oraz nadaniu i zagwarantowaniu mu uprawnień umożliwiających, m.in. kontrolę nad gospodarką finansową spółek jednoosobowych Skarbu Państwa lub podmiotów państwowych działających w branży dystrybucji energetycznej. Niniejszy tekst ma na celu przedstawienie zależności między rozmaitymi formami aktywności organów regulacyjnych a podmiotami uczestniczącymi w rynku energii, w szczególności spółek zajmujących się dystrybucją energii elektrycznej. Autorzy wskazują, czym jest sama regulacja oraz kto wprowadza normy wiążące strony. Ponadto podejmują staranie przedstawienia czytelnikowi w przystępny sposób zagadnienia przychodu regulowanego oraz uwypuklenia w nim roli regulacji jakościowej. Istotą artykułu jest wykazanie formy i stopnia oddziaływania Regulatora na wyniki finansowe OSD.Electrical energy is a product intended for sale. However, it has a specific meaning that results in its importance for the public. The reason for this is the necessity of providinf the continuity of energy supply, which is crucial not only for the proper functioning of households, but in particular to ensure the safety of the country. In the current economical system – basing on the constitutional notion: the social market economy – competition is considered the best method to shape the market and relations existing within it. There is no doubt that there are sub-sectors of energy business where the „invisible hand of the market” do not allows to achieve its objectives and functions sufficiently. Therefore, it becomes necessary to introduce some active regulation mechanisms which could be effective substitutes for the competition. Regulator – the President of the Energy Regulatory Office – had been attributed with a number of tasks and competences. He is obliged to take care of the interest of the state in terms of energy entities which are owned by the State Treasury. At the same time he has to protect the final recipient of electricity from imposiong unreasonable charges for delivered product. However, the regulator cannot stand for a selected group of market participants. His function is to replace the mechanisms of market competition by using available legal and economic tools. The role of the regulator should be defined as a substitute for a competitive market. The combination of the abovemenioned tasks is difficult, but possible, while maintaining the independence of the regulator and granting and guaranteeing its powers allowing i.e. control of the financial management of entities solely owned by the State Treasury or public entities operating in the distribution of electricity. This article aims to show the relationship between different forms of activity of regulatory bodies and the entities involved in the energy market, in particular companies engaged in the distribution of energy. The authors point out what is regulation and who introduces the standards which bind the parties. In addition, they endeavor to present the issue of regulated revenue to the reader, and to emphasize the role of quality regulation. The essence of the article is to demonstrate the form and extent of Regulator influence on DSO financial results

A new approach to nonlinear modelling of dynamic systems based on fuzzy rules

For many practical weakly nonlinear systems we have their approximated linear model. Its parameters are known or can be determined by one of typical identification procedures. The model obtained using these methods well describes the main features of the system’s dynamics. However, usually it has a low accuracy, which can be a result of the omission of many secondary phenomena in its description. In this paper we propose a new approach to the modelling of weakly nonlinear dynamic systems. In this approach we assume that the model of the weakly nonlinear system is composed of two parts: a linear term and a separate nonlinear correction term. The elements of the correction term are described by fuzzy rules which are designed in such a way as to minimize the inaccuracy resulting from the use of an approximate linear model. This gives us very rich possibilities for exploring and interpreting the operation of the modelled system. An important advantage of the proposed approach is a set of new interpretability criteria of the knowledge represented by fuzzy rules. Taking them into account in the process of automatic model selection allows us to reach a compromise between the accuracy of modelling and the readability of fuzzy rules

Obtaining active peptides from whey waste

W pracy rozpatrzono hydrolizę białek serwatkowych z wykorzystaniem komercyjnych proteaz. Określono szybkość hydrolizy, przeanalizowano mechanizm reakcji oraz określono skład końcowy produktów. Uzyskano wysoki stopień hydrolizy białek serwatkowych. Wśród powstałych oligopeptydów są peptydy o właściwościach biologicznie czynnych. Najkorzystniejszy pod względem zastosowania rozkład frakcji uzyskano dla trypsyny (ponad 40% stanowią peptydy <1 kDa).Hydrolysis of whey proteins using commercial proteases is presented in the paper. The rate of hydrolysis and reaction mechanism are analyzed. The composition of final product was determined. A high degree of hydrolysis of whey proteins was obtained. Among the final products there are peptides which present the biologically active properties. The most preferred fraction distribution (more than 40% of peptides <1 kDa) was received for trypsin

Evaluation of selected feeds differing in dietary lipids levels in feeding juveniles of wels catfish, Silurus glanis L

Background. Development of modern aquaculture and the increasing consumer demand provoke improvements in the complex breeding technologies of economically valuable fish species. Wels catfish, Silurus glanis L. (known also as the European catfish), because of its breeding and consumption values, becomes an increasingly common object of breeding. The objective of the presented work was the evaluation of selected feeds differing in dietary lipids levels applied in rearing the wels catfish fry under controlled conditions. Materials and methods. The feeding trial (60 days) was carried out with the wels catfish fry, weighing on average 55 g. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in an aquarium hall in 60-L flow-through tanks. During the growth test, the fish were given four commercial feeds of the same protein amount (45%) and graded fat levels (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%). In the final evaluation of the feeding tests, the following rearing effectiveness indices were used: food conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention (PR), lipid retention (LR), and survival rate (SR). Conclusions were drawn on the basis of statistical analysis using Statistica computer software. Results. The wels catfish fed 20%-fat-content feed attained the highest individual weights. The other treatments yielded statistically significantly lower (P < 0.05) body weights. No statistically significant differences were found between the mean values of the specific growth rate (SGR). The values of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were approximately equal in the individual groups. The protein retention attained values from 28.2% to 33.0%, while fat retention ranged from 11.8% to 24.2%. No mortalities were recorded. The amount of fat in all groups increased significantly after the termination of the growth. The increase of fat amount in the feed was not correlated with the growth of fat amount in the fish body. The levels of the other body components increased, but no differences between the groups were found. Conclusion. Differentiated amounts of dietary lipids in the diet did not exert any effect on the rate of fish growth or on the proper utilization of the nutritive components in feeds