A new stepwise carbon cycle data assimilation system using multiple data streams to constrain the simulated land surface carbon cycle

Acknowledgements. This work was mainly funded by the EU FP7 CARBONES project (contracts FP7-SPACE-2009-1-242316), with also a small contribution from GEOCARBON project (ENV.2011.4.1.1-1-283080). This work used eddy covariance data acquired by the FLUXNET community and in particular by the following networks: AmeriFlux (U.S. Department of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Carbon Program; DE-FG02-04ER63917 and DE-FG02-04ER63911), AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada (supported by CFCAS, NSERC, BIOCAP, Environment Canada, and NRCan), GreenGrass, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux, TCOS-Siberia, USCCC. We acknowledge the financial support to the eddy covariance data harmonization provided by CarboEuropeIP, FAO-GTOS-TCO, iLEAPS, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, National Science Foundation, University of Tuscia, Université Laval and Environment Canada and US Department of Energy and the database development and technical support from Berkeley Water Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Microsoft Research eScience, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, University of Virginia. Philippe Ciais acknowledges support from the European Research Council through Synergy grant ERC-2013-SyG-610028 “IMBALANCE-P”. The authors wish to thank M. Jung for providing access to the GPP MTE data, which were downloaded from the GEOCARBON data portal (https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/geodb/projects/Data.php). The authors are also grateful to computing support and resources provided at LSCE and to the overall ORCHIDEE project that coordinate the development of the code (http://labex.ipsl.fr/orchidee/index.php/about-the-team).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Generation and analysis of a 29,745 unique Expressed Sequence Tags from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) assembled into a publicly accessible database: the GigasDatabase

Background: Although bivalves are among the most-studied marine organisms because of their ecological role and economic importance, very little information is available on the genome sequences of oyster species. This report documents three large-scale cDNA sequencing projects for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas initiated to provide a large number of expressed sequence tags that were subsequently compiled in a publicly accessible database. This resource allowed for the identification of a large number of transcripts and provides valuable information for ongoing investigations of tissue-specific and stimulus-dependant gene expression patterns. These data are crucial for constructing comprehensive DNA microarrays, identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites in coding regions, and for identifying genes when the entire genome sequence of C. gigas becomes available. Description: In the present paper, we report the production of 40,845 high-quality ESTs that identify 29,745 unique transcribed sequences consisting of 7,940 contigs and 21,805 singletons. All of these new sequences, together with existing public sequence data, have been compiled into a publicly-available Website http://public-contigbrowser.sigenae.org:9090/Crassostrea_gigas/index.htm l. Approximately 43% of the unique ESTs had significant matches against the SwissProt database and 27% were annotated using Gene Ontology terms. In addition, we identified a total of 208 in silico microsatellites from the ESTs, with 173 having sufficient flanking sequence for primer design. We also identified a total of 7,530 putative in silico, single-nucleotide polymorphisms using existing and newly-generated EST resources for the Pacific oyster. Conclusion: A publicly-available database has been populated with 29,745 unique sequences for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The database provides many tools to search cleaned and assembled ESTs. The user may input and submit several filters, such as protein or nucleotide hits, to select and download relevant elements. This database constitutes one of the most developed genomic resources accessible among Lophotrochozoans, an orphan clade of bilateral animals. These data will accelerate the development of both genomics and genetics in a commercially-important species with the highest annual, commercial production of any aquatic organism

The CO2 Human Emissions (CHE) Project: First steps towards a European operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic CO2 emissions

The Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a binding international treaty signed by 196 nations to limit their greenhouse gas emissions through ever-reducing Nationally Determined Contributions and a system of 5-yearly Global Stocktakes in an Enhanced Transparency Framework. To support this process, the European Commission initiated the design and development of a new Copernicus service element that will use Earth observations mainly to monitor anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The CO2 Human Emissions (CHE) project has been successfully coordinating efforts of its 22 consortium partners, to advance the development of a European CO2 monitoring and verification support (CO2MVS) capacity for anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Several project achievements are presented and discussed here as examples. The CHE project has developed an enhanced capability to produce global, regional and local CO2 simulations, with a focus on the representation of anthropogenic sources. The project has achieved advances towards a CO2 global inversion capability at high resolution to connect atmospheric concentrations to surface emissions. CHE has also demonstrated the use of Earth observations (satellite and ground-based) as well as proxy data for human activity to constrain uncertainties and to enhance the timeliness of CO2 monitoring. High-resolution global simulations (at 9 km) covering the whole of 2015 (labelled CHE nature runs) fed regional and local simulations over Europe (at 5 km and 1 km resolution) and supported the generation of synthetic satellite observations simulating the contribution of a future dedicated Copernicus CO2 Monitoring Mission (CO2M

Toulouse City Courthouse Extension

View of the northwest side of Palais de Justice extension; After a juried competition, Prunet Architecture and Planning Ltd. was selected for the project in 1995. The new extension connects to the historic building, which also received renovation and restoration as part of the project

Toulouse City Courthouse Extension

View of the north side of Palais de Justice extension; After a juried competition, Prunet Architecture and Planning Ltd. was selected for the project in 1995. The new extension connects to the historic building, which also received renovation and restoration as part of the project

Toulouse City Courthouse Extension

View of the new extension; After a juried competition, Prunet Architecture and Planning Ltd. was selected for the project in 1995. The new extension connects to the historic building, which also received renovation and restoration as part of the project

Toulouse City Courthouse Extension

View of the west side of Palais de Justice extension; After a juried competition, Prunet Architecture and Planning Ltd. was selected for the project in 1995. The new extension connects to the historic building, which also received renovation and restoration as part of the project

L’apparition dans les œuvres d’art

International audienc

Introduction

Actes des journées d’études organisées à l’Université de Caen Normandie et à l’Ésam Caen / Cherbourg (25-26 mars 2015) publiés sous la direction de Pascal Couté, Hélène Frazik et Camille Prunet.International audienceCe qu'on pourrait appeler apparition dans les œuvres d'art est un événement fort, plus ou moins violent, signalant le passage d'un élément dissimulé (personnage ou objet) au sein du régime de la visibilité. Apparaître a tout d'abord un sens religieux et participe du miracle : la manifestation, le plus souvent éphémère, d'un être surnaturel qui se révèle au regard, par exemple la Vierge se donnant soudainement à voir à Lourdes. Toutefois, dans un sens plus séculier, l'apparition devient action de se rendre visible. Il s'agit alors d'un objet ou d'un personnage inattendu, non nécessairement surnaturel, qui surprend ou perturbe l'appréhension d'une œuvre, troublant le spectateur ou le lecteur. Il y a là un mouvement qui a autant à voir avec la révélation - l'objet se manifeste, ce qui sous-entend qu'il était présent, quoique invisible - qu'avec la perturbation. L'apparition relève soit de l'imprévisibilité, soit de la présentation d'un objet ou d'un personnage sous une forme inédite, choquante, inimaginable. Si l'on envisage ses figures récurrentes, ses modes de représentation, voire sa dimension ontologico-esthétique, l'apparition émerge comme un concept clé en vue de saisir ce qui surgit et ce qui habite un être vivant ou un objet. Georges Didi-Huberman dit ainsi que « n'apparaît que ce qui fut capable d'être dissimulé d'abord » et s'interroge : « que faut-il donc à l'apparition, à l'événement de l'apparaissant ? Que faut-il juste avant que l'apparaissant ne se referme en son aspect présumé stable ou espéré définitif ? ». Tenter de saisir cette « ouverture » paradoxale est l'ambition que se donne cet ouvrage qui réunit des contributions se rapportant au domaine du théâtre, de la littérature, du cinéma, de la philosophie et des arts plastiques. Il s'agit d'appréhender l'apparition à travers ses figures et ses modalités dans leur diversité. Sous quelles formes l'apparition, une quasi-aberration, se révèle-t-elle ? Comment se manifeste-t-elle ? Quelles sont ses répercussions esthétiques et narratives sur une œuvre ? Choc, rupture, progression, autant de modes de l'apparition que les textes présentés ici s'attachent à étudier, chacun au prisme d'une démarche singulière