Population Size, Sex and Purifying Selection: Comparative Genomics of Two Sister Taxa of the Wild Yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus

This study uses population genomic data to estimate demographic and selection parameters in two sister lineages of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus and compare their evolution. We first estimate nucleotide and recombinational diversities in each of the two lineages to infer their population size and frequency of sex and then analyze the rate of mutation accumulation since divergence from their inferred common ancestor to estimate the generation time and efficacy of selection. We find that one of the lineages has significantly higher silent nucleotide diversity and lower linkage disequilibrium, indicating a larger population with more frequent sexual generations. The same lineage also shows shorter generation time and higher efficacy of purifying selection, the latter consistent with the finding of larger population size and more frequent sex. Similar analyses are also performed on the ancestries of individual strains within lineages and we find significant differences between strains implying variation in rates of mitotic cell divisions. Our sample includes some strains originating in the Chernobyl nuclear-accident exclusion zone, which has been subjected to high levels of radiation for nearly 30 years now. We find no evidence, however, for increased rates of mutation. Finally, there is a positive correlation between rates of mutation accumulation and length of growing period, as measured by latitude of the place of origin of strains. Our study illustrates the power of genomic analyses in estimating population and life history parameters and testing predictions based on population genetic theory

Российско-китайские отношения: некоторые векторы и перспективы развития

The article analyzes the Russian-Chinese relations at the present stage of their development. Considered grounds for mutually beneficial relations between China and Russia. These vectors of their formation in the short term, as well as some marked differences. Some results on the important areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation. The recommendations for its strengthening.В статье анализируются российско-китайские отношения на современном этапе их развития. Рассмотрены основания для взаимовыгодных связей между КНР и РФ. Указаны векторы их формирования в ближайшей перспективе, а также обозначены некоторые противоречия. Приведены некоторые результаты на важных направлениях российско-китайского сотрудничества. Предложены рекомендации по его усилению

УЛУЧШЕНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫХ И КАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ ПРОЕКТОВ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ В РАМКАХ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННО-ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article describes the innovative technological structure. The essence of the innovative and investment technology is determined. The necessity for the development and introduction of innovative and investment technologies of a new level is proved. The quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the innovative projects are analyzed. The necessity for the ranking innovations forms is proved.В статье дается характеристика инновационного технологического уклада. Определена сущность инновационно-инвестиционной технологии. Обоснована необходимость разработки и внедрения инновационно-инвестиционных технологий нового уровня. Проанализированы количественные и качественные характеристики инновационных проектов. Обоснована необходимость ранжирования видов инноваций

Research of the vitamin composition of medicinal herbs in the development of immunostimulating confectionery products

This article reflects the results of a study of the content of vitamins, polyphenols, antioxidants in medicinal raw materials of local origin (licorice root, St. rose hips, flax seeds) in order to study their beneficial properties as a component for marmalade products that have an immunostimulating effect. According to laboratory studies, the largest amount of polyphenols is found in the leaves of sea buckthorn and St. John's wort (60.02% and 12.82%, respectively), antioxidants (3.61 mg / 100 g and 2.49 mg / 100 g) and most of the B vitamins (В₂ in sea buckthorn leaves 0.777 mg / 100 g, and in St. John's wort 0.088 mg / 100 g, В₅ - 1.506 mg / 100 g and 0.061 mg / 100 g, respectively, В₆ - 0.680 mg / 100 g in sea buckthorn leaves and 0.427 mg / 100 g in St. John's wort). A high content of vitamin C was found in rose hips (4.355 mg / 100g) and St. John's wort (4.314 mg / 100g). In the leaves of sea buckthorn, the content of ascorbic acid is 1.409 mg / 100 g, which is 67% less compared to St. John's wort. In this regard, it follows that the most promising raw materials for imparting an immunostimulating effect to marmalade confectionery products are sea buckthorn leaves and St. John's wort

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ НАСЛЕДОВАНИЯ СКОРОСПЕЛОСТИ У ГОРОХА ОВОЩНОГО

«The number  of infertile nodes»  is a stable  variety trait of pea plants, and it is directly related  to the duration  of the growing season.  To study the manifestations  of this trait in hybrid proge, nies the reciprocal  crosses among  pea samples  of  different groups of maturity have been made.«Число  неплодущих узлов» – устойчивый сортовой  признак растений  гороха овощного и непосредственно  связан с  продолжительностью  вегетационного периода. Для  изучения особенностей   проявления данного  признака  в   гибридных потомствах   проведены реципрокные скрещивания между образцами гороха овощного разных групп  спелости

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ОБРАЗЦОВ ГОРОХА ОВОЩНОГО КАК ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ НА КАЧЕСТВО И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ

The  green pea collection  consisting  of 277 samples  varied in geographical  distance,  quantity, and quality traits was evaluated. The samples  with agronomic valuable traits were selected.  The starch  grains in selected  green pea samples were studied. The molecular analysis of these samples was conducted. The selected samples were used for the reciprocal crossing.  The pattern inheritance  of hybrids F1 was studied.Оценена коллекция сортов  зеленого горошка, состоящая  из  277  образцов. На  основании изучения коллекционного  материала  гороха овощного были   отобраны 6  образцов  как генетические источники высокой продуктивности,  устойчивости  к  корневой гнили   и качества   зелёного горошка для   создания  высококачественных  урожайных  сортов. Изучены  крахмальные зерна и проведен молекулярный анализ выделенных образцов

НАПРЯЖЕННОСТЬ ОТБОРА В ПОТОМСТВАХ ОТ ДИАЛЛЕЛЬНЫХ СКРЕЩИВАНИЙ ГОРОХА ОВОЩНОГО (PISUM SATIVUML)

The promising pea varieties for canning with an optimum combination of elements of yield production have been selected based on utilization of geographically dispersed and morphologically different forms in progeny of diallel crossing. A comparative evaluation of the severity selection in different hybrid generations is shown, from which conclusions are drawn about the breeding value of parental forms.С привлечением географически отдаленных и морфологически различных форм в потомствах от диаллельных скрещиваний отобраны перспективные константные сортообразцы консервного использования с оптимальным сочетанием элементов продуктивности. Показана сравнительная оценка напряженности отбора в разных гибридных поколениях, на основании которой сделаны выводы о селекционной ценности родительских образцов