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Not AvailableThe inter relationships between the two progenitors is interesting as both wild relatives are known to be the great untapped gene reservoirs. The debate continues on granting a separate species status to Oryza nivara. The present study was conducted on populations of Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara from Eastern India employing morphological and molecular characteristics. The cluster analysis of the data on morphological traits could clearly classify the two wild forms into two separate discrete groups without any overlaps i.e. lack of intermediate forms, suggesting the non-sympatric existence of the wild forms. Amplification of hyper variable regions of the genome could reveal 144 alleles suggesting high genetic diversity values (average He = 0.566). Moreover, with 42.37% of uncommon alleles between the two wild relatives, the molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) could detect only 21% of total variation (p < 0.001) among them and rest 59% was within them. The population structure analysis clearly classified these two wild populations into two distinct sub-populations (K = 2) without any overlaps i.e. lack of intermediate forms, suggesting the non-sympatric existence of the wild forms. Clear differentiation into two distinct groups indicates that O. rufipogon and O. nivara could be treated as two different species.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAssessing genetic variability of micronutrient content in association with qualitative and quantitative traits in germplasm is prerequisite for effective biofortifi cation programme. Odisha, a state of eastern India is considered as one of the most potential hot spot of diver sity of cultivated rice for grain yield and nutritional traits. Significant variability for most of the qualitative and quantitative traits including Fe and Zn content was observed in a set of 293 germplasm with varying kernel colour encompassing 14 districts of Odisha. Mostly these landraces were low yielding with some exception (Haldi gundi: AC 36454, 50.08 g/plant). These landraces were mostly represented by medium Fe (10–20 ppm)—medium Zn group (20–30 ppm). Fe and Zn content had positive association with each other and also with grain size. Lan draces with red kernel colour were observed to have slightly higher average Zn content (26.30 ppm) as com pared to white (25.87 ppm) grains. Diversity analysis of 14 districts revealed that Nayagarh, a south-eastern district was rich in Fe content while Deogarh, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj, all north-western districts were rich in Zn content. This study identified 10 superior micronutrient dense genotypes with medium to high Fe and Zn content. This set of donors for micronutrient content was validated in another year. Champeisiali (AC 43368) and Gedemalati (AC 34306) with highest Fe (44.1 ppm) and Zn (40.48 ppm) content, respectively were detected over the environments. Identified donors and associated traits could be utilized in biofortificaion programme using appropriate breeding methodologies for enhancing micronutrients in high yielding backgroundNot Availabl

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Not AvailableTraditional rice varieties grown by the farmers serve as valuable genetic resources for future rice improvement. These varieties are highly adapted to varied agro-ecological conditions. However, they are rapidly lost because of the adoption of high-yielding varieties. The extent of allelic and genetic diversity present in the germplasm is a prerequisite for the improvement of any crop and conservation strategies under adverse impacts of climate. Farmers' rice varieties are usually poor yielders but are allelic treasurer for different traits, especially biotic and abiotic stresses, grain qualities, early seedling vigor, input use efficiency, etc. Therefore, the present study was aimed for a detailed understanding of allelic and genetic diversity, and population structure of 607 farmers' rice varieties using 36 fluorescently labeled microsatellite markers and 53 morphological traits. A total of 363 alleles was detected with an average of 10.33 alleles per locus and moderately high Nei's allelic/gene diversity (0.502) was detected. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.685 to 0.987 with an average of 0.901. 34 unique, 236 rare, 84 low-frequency and 44 high-frequency alleles were detected. 53 morphological traits harbored a total of 195 variables with an average of 4.217 variables per trait. 50 out of 53 morphological traits showed polymorphism and highly significant differences among varieties. High genetic diversity was observed among 607 farmers' rice varieties both at molecular (0.653) and phenotypic (0.656) levels. The dendrogram based on both microsatellite markers and morphological traits grouped the 607 farmers' rice varieties into three major groups. A moderate population structure was observed with two independent subpopulations SP1 and SP2, which have membership percentages of 82.6 % and 17.4 %, fixation index values of 0.19 and 0.194, respectively. The AMOVA could explain 63 % of the total variation among varieties and 34 % within varieties. Our results showed that the farmers' rice varieties of Odisha harbored higher levels of both allelic and genetic diversity. Hence, these varieties would be useful for the identification of novel and elite alleles, and serve as a source of donors for the development of climate-smart varieties with improved grain yield and qualities, and input use efficiency, which would be sustainable in changing climate scenario conditions and improve farmers' income.Not Availabl

Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Variation Provides Insights into Population Structure and Multiple Origin of Native Aromatic Rices of Odisha, India

<div><p>A large number of short grain aromatic rice suited to the agro-climatic conditions and local preferences are grown in niche areas of different parts of India and their diversity is evolved over centuries as a result of selection by traditional farmers. Systematic characterization of these specialty rices has not been attempted. An effort was made to characterize 126 aromatic short grain rice landraces, collected from 19 different districts in the State of Odisha, from eastern India. High level of variation for grain quality and agronomic traits among these aromatic rices was observed and genotypes having desirable phenotypic traits like erect flag leaf, thick culm, compact and dense panicles, short plant stature, early duration, superior yield and grain quality traits were identified. A total of 24 SSR markers corresponding to the hyper variable regions of rice chromosomes were used to understand the genetic diversity and to establish the genetic relationship among the aromatic short grain rice landraces at nuclear genome level. SSR analysis of 126 genotypes from Odisha and 10 genotypes from other states revealed 110 alleles with an average of 4.583 and the Nei’s genetic diversity value (<i>He</i>) was in the range of 0.034–0.880 revealing two sub-populations SP 1 (membership percentage-27.1%) and SP 2 (72.9%). At the organelle genomic level for the C/A repeats in PS1D sequence of chloroplasts, eight different plastid sub types and 33 haplotypes were detected. The <i>japonica</i> (Nipponbare) subtype (6C7A) was detected in 100 genotypes followed by <i>O</i>. <i>rufipogon</i> (KF428978) subtype (6C6A) in 13 genotypes while <i>indica</i> (93–11) sub type (8C8A) was seen in 14 genotypes. The tree constructed based on haplotypes suggests that short grain aromatic landraces might have independent origin of these plastid subtypes. Notably a wide range of diversity was observed among these landraces cultivated in different parts confined to the State of Odisha.</p></div

Unrooted neighbour-joining tree showing genetic relationship of short aromatic grain rices (based on SSR marker data) among 19 geographical districts.

<p>Unrooted neighbour-joining tree showing genetic relationship of short aromatic grain rices (based on SSR marker data) among 19 geographical districts.</p

Genetic relationships and population structure of short grain aromatic rices.

<p>A: NJ dendrogram; B: Principal Co-ordinate analysis; C: Population Structure.</p

Distribution of duration and amylose content in short grain aromatic rice genotypes collected from 19 districts.

<p>Note: Numbers in the x-axis represent 19 different districts [Anugul (1), Balasore (2), Bolangir (3), Cuttack (4), Deogarh (5), Dhenkanal (6), Ganjam (7), Jajpur (8), Kalahandi (9), Kendrapara (10), Kenojhar (11), Koraput (12), Malkangiri (13), Mayurbhanj (14), Nayagarh (15), Kandhamal (16), Puri (17), Sambalpur (18) and Sundargarh (19)].</p