Religious Land Use Jurisprudence: The Negative Ramifications for Religious Activities in Washington After \u3cem\u3eOpen Door Baptist Church v. Clark County\u3c/em\u3e

Part II of this Note provides a history of religious land use jurisprudence in Washington. This part addresses growth management laws generally, and where these laws cross paths with constitutional guarantees of the free exercise of religion. Part III focuses on the Washington Supreme Court\u27s Open Door decision, separately addressing both the majority opinion and the dissent. Part IV illustrates how the Washington Supreme Court misapplied Washington\u27s religious freedom test in Open Door and significantly shifted religious land use jurisprudence. Part IV further discusses how this shift may include Washington\u27s adoption of the lower federal standard and elaborates upon the negative ramifications this shift would have on churches throughout the state. Part V concludes this Note, discussing how the free exercise of religion has historically been afforded great protection in Washington, and how the Washington Supreme Court is seemingly moving in a different direction

Women, Shame, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Approaches in Psychotherapy

Shame is a self-conscious emotion that affects self-esteem, self-concept and evaluation of the self. Shame is seen more often in women than men; in part due to societal and cultural standards placed upon women that create negative self-evaluations in women when those standards are not met. Shame is seen in mental health diagnoses such as depression, anxiety, substance use disorders and eating disorders. When a woman presents for therapy or counseling, shame may be apparent and necessary to work on during therapy. This systematic review was designed to answer the research question: what therapeutic approaches are used in psychotherapy targeting shame in women with a mental health diagnosis? The review was set up using peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2016. Using the database of PsycINFO, 11 peer-reviewed articles met the search criteria and were read and analyzed, which resulted in four themes being identified. These themes include: 1) the format of treatment, 2) increasing compassion, 3) mindfulness, and 4) acceptance. The research suggests using compassion focused therapies, mindfulness and acceptance skills to target shame in women with mental health diagnoses. Shame research is relatively new and more research is needed to replicate studies to ensure accuracy and validity of the results. Further research is also needed to understand the therapists\u27 feelings about addressing shame in psychotherapy

Women, Shame, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Approaches in Psychotherapy

Shame is a self-conscious emotion that affects self-esteem, self-concept and evaluation of the self. Shame is seen more often in women than men; in part due to societal and cultural standards placed upon women that create negative self-evaluations in women when those standards are not met. Shame is seen in mental health diagnoses such as depression, anxiety, substance use disorders and eating disorders. When a woman presents for therapy or counseling, shame may be apparent and necessary to work on during therapy. This systematic review was designed to answer the research question: what therapeutic approaches are used in psychotherapy targeting shame in women with a mental health diagnosis? The review was set up using peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2016. Using the database of PsycINFO, 11 peer-reviewed articles met the search criteria and were read and analyzed, which resulted in four themes being identified. These themes include: 1) the format of treatment, 2) increasing compassion, 3) mindfulness, and 4) acceptance. The research suggests using compassion focused therapies, mindfulness and acceptance skills to target shame in women with mental health diagnoses. Shame research is relatively new and more research is needed to replicate studies to ensure accuracy and validity of the results. Further research is also needed to understand the therapists’ feelings about addressing shame in psychotherapy

Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Lysine 125 in Malate Dehydrogenase

Malate dehydrogenase is a multimeric enzyme among living organisms that catalyzes the reverse transformation of malate and oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This reaction plays a role in metabolic pathways including the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and anaerobic metabolism. MDH shares a similar 3-dimensional structure and mechanism with lactate dehydrogenase. Knowing the structure is important when it comes to the redesign of enzyme mutations, which can be a useful method for studying the catalysis of small substrates. Physiological effects of the amino acid sequence alterations are easier to predict when the structure is known. The active site of MDH consists of a hydrophobic vacuole containing binding site for the substrate and nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme. Within the active site there is a loop region containing amino acids 119-137. The active site exhibits an open conformation when the substrate or cofactor is bound and a closed conformation when nothing is bound. The charges within the loop region position the substrate in the correct orientation for efficient catalysis. It was shown that Lysine125, within the loop region of MDH, made essential interactions with co-factor and nearby residues that may have been involved in catalysis (Shania, 2019). Shown in figure 1, Lys125 and R124 are in close proximity with each other. Since both molecules have a positive charge, they are repelling against each other. We are predicting that the position of Lys125 and R124 are causing G263 to have a less stable hydrogen bond. We hypothesized that if Alanine replaces Lysine at position 125, then Arg124 will have a better position and be more stably bound to G263 resulting in a better guide for the substrate to the active site.https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/urs_2023/1003/thumbnail.jp

Stromelysin-1 and mesothelin are differentially regulated by Wnt-5a and Wnt-1 in C57mg mouse mammary epithelial cells

BACKGROUND: The Wnt signal transduction pathway is important in a wide variety of developmental processes as well as in the genesis of human cancer. Vertebrate Wnt pathways can be functionally separated into two classes, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the non-canonical Wnt/Ca(2+ )pathway. Supporting differences in Wnt signaling, gain of function of Wnt-1 in C57mg mouse mammary epithelial cells leads to their morphological transformation while loss of function of Wnt-5a leads to the same transformation. Many downstream target genes of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway have been identified. In contrast, little is known about the Wnt/Ca(2+ )pathway and whether it regulates gene expression. RESULTS: To test the hypothesis that a specific cell line can respond to distinct Wnts with different patterns of gene expression, we over-expressed Wnt-5a and Rfz-2 in C57mg mammary epithelial cells and compared this cell line to C57mg cells over-expressing Wnt-1. These Wnts were chosen since previous studies suggest that C57mg cells respond differently to these Wnts, and since these Wnts can activate different signaling pathways in other systems. Using DNA microarray analysis, we identified several genes that are regulated by Wnt-5a and Rfz-2 as well as by Wnt-1. We then focused on two genes previously linked to various cancers, mesothelin and stromelysin-1, which are respectively up-regulated by Wnt-1 and Wnt-5a in C57mg cells. CONCLUSION: Different Wnts have distinct effects on gene expression in a single cell line

Revisiting the Poisson-Boltzmann theory: charge surfaces, multivalent ions and inter-plate forces

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is extensively used to gain insight on charged colloids and biological systems as well as to elucidate fundamental properties of intermolecular forces. Many works were devoted in the past to study PB related features and to confirm them experimentally. In this work we explore the properties of inter-plate forces in terms of different boundary conditions. We treat the cases of constant surface charge, constant surface potential and mixed boundaries. The interplay between electrostatic interactions, attractive counter-ions release, and repulsive van 't Hoff contribution are discussed separately for each case. Finally, we discuss how the crossover between attractive and repulsive interactions for constant surface charge case is influenced by the presence of multivalent counter-ions, where it is shown that the range of the attractive interaction grows with the valency

Novel perspectives for the application of total internal reflection microscopy

Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM) is a sensitive non-invasive technique to measure the interaction potentials between a colloidal particle and a wall with femtonewton resolution. The equilibrium distribution of the particle-wall separation distance z is sampled monitoring the intensity I scattered by the Brownian particle under evanescent illumination. Central to the data analysis is the knowledge of the relation between I and the corresponding z, which typically must be known a priori. This poses considerable constraints to the experimental conditions where TIRM can be applied (short penetration depth of the evanescent wave, transparent surfaces). Here, we introduce a method to experimentally determine I(z) by relying only on the distance-dependent particle-wall hydrodynamic interactions. We demonstrate that this method largely extends the range of conditions accessible with TIRM, and even allows measurements on highly reflecting gold surfaces where multiple reflections lead to a complex I(z).Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure

Measurement of colloidal forces with TIRM

Abstract During the last ten years, we have developed a new experimental technique called Total Internal Reflection Microscopy. Using TIRM we can monitor the separation distance between a single microscopic sphere immersed in an aqueous solution and a transparent plate. Because the distance is calculated from the intensity of light scattered by the sphere (3 to 30 microns in diameter) when illuminated by an evanescent wave, this technique provides a sensitive, nonintrusive, and instantaneous measure of the distance between the sphere and the plate. Changes in distance as small as 1 nm can be detected. From the equilibrium distribution of separation distances sampled by Brownian motion, we determine the potential energy profile in the vicinity of the minimum formed by gravitational attraction and double-layer repulsion or steric repulsion caused by adsorbed soluble polymer. Forces as small as 0.01 piconewtons can be detected. We have also measured van der Waals attraction, the radiation pressure exerted by a focussed laser beam, receptor-mediated interaction between antigen and antibodies, and steric repulsion due to adsorbed polymer layers. From the autocorrelation of the temporal fluctuations in scattering intensity, we have inferred the value of the normal component of the diffusion coefficient, which is about two orders of magnitude smaller than the bulk value owing to the close proximity of the sphere to the wall. This provides the first experimental test of Einstein's equation (relating mobility and diffusion coefficient) in a colloidal force field

Salt-induced changes of colloidal interactions in critical mixtures

We report on salt-dependent interaction potentials of a single charged particle suspended in a binary liquid mixture above a charged wall. For symmetric boundary conditions (BC) we observe attractive particle-wall interaction forces which are similar to critical Casimir forces previously observed in salt-free mixtures. However, in case of antisymmetric BC we find a temperature-dependent crossover from attractive to repulsive forces which is in strong contrast to salt-free conditions. Additionally performed small-angle x-ray scattering experiments demonstrate that the bulk critical fluctuations are not affected by the addition of salt. This suggests that the observed crossover can not be attributed alone to critical Casimir forces. Instead our experiments point towards a possible coupling between the ionic distributions and the concentration profiles in the binary mixture which then affects the interaction potentials in such systems.Comment: 5 pages, 4 Figure

Understanding depletion forces beyond entropy

The effective interaction energy of a colloidal sphere in a suspension containing small amounts of non-ionic polymers and a flat glass surface has been measured and calculated using total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) and a novel approach within density functional theory (DFT), respectively. Quantitative agreement between experiment and theory demonstrates that the resulting repulsive part of the depletion forces cannot be interpreted entirely in terms of entropic arguments but that particularly at small distances ($\lesssim$ 100 nm) attractive dispersion forces have to be taken into account