136 research outputs found
Strategies to mitigate secondary salinization in the Indus Basin of Pakistan: a selective review
Salinity control / Water table / River basins / Irrigation management / Water quality / Irrigation practices / Drainage / Sodic soils / Pakistan
Mechanically reclaiming abandoned saline soils: a numerical evaluation
Water quality / Groundwater / Simulation models / Calibrations / Water table / Water balance / Hydraulics / Soil reclamation / Soil water / Flow / Soil properties / Salinity / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh
Development of a Combined Quanity and Quality Model for Optimal Groundwater Management
Presented is a procedure for incorporating solute transport as linear constraints within computer models for optimizing regional groundwater extraction strategies. The MODCON modelling procedure uses linear goal programming, embedded linearized equations for flow and solute transport and a MOC simulation model. Assumed is 2D flow and solute transport and a dispersed conservative contaminant. The MODCON procedure develops steady groundwater extraction strategies that will satisfy future groundwater quality constraints while simultaneously causing future piezometric heads to be as close to current heads as possible. The procedure is applied to a 160 square mile area in southeastern Arkansas
Development of a combined quantity and quality model for optimal unsteady groundwater management
Presented is a procedure for incorporating solute transport as linear constraints within computer models for optimizing regional groundwater extraction strategies. The MODCON modelling procedure uses linear goal programming, embedded linearized equations for flow and solute transport and a MOC simulation model. Assumed is 20 flow and solute transport and a dispersed conservative contaminant. The MODCON procedure develops steady groundwater extraction strategies that will satisfy future groundwater quality constraints while simultaneously causing future piezometric heads to be as close to current heads as possible. The procedure is applied to a 160 square mile area in southeastern Arkansas
Development of linear water quality constraints for optimal groundwater management
Proposed is a procedure for incorporating solute transport as linear constraints within computer models for optimizing regional groundwater extraction strategies. . MODCON procedure uses linear goal programming. embedded linearized equations for flow and solute transport. and MOC simulation model. Assumed is 20 flow and solute transport. and a dispersed conservative contaminant
Irrigation application efficiency and uniformity of water distribution using multi-outlet pipe and resource conservation technologies
Irrigation experiments were conducted during November to April under wheat crop in the winter season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 in the farmer’s field at Galibkhedi village located in Karnal District, Haryana State, India. In the study, collapsible multi-outlet pipe (MOP) along with single outlets pipe (SOP) was tested in farmer’s field under wheat cultivation. Irrigation was carried out in five treatments including tillage (T) with SOP and MOP; zero-tillage (ZT) with SOP and MOP, and furrow irrigation with raised bed (FIRB). Iso-time profile of waterfront spreading and advance indicated that irrigation water distribution was uniform under the plot irrigated using MOP as compared to plot irrigated using SOP. In addition, water distribution was uniform under zero tilled plots as compared to tilled plot. Results implied that MOP has several advantages over SOP in terms of application efficiency (AE) and uniformity of water distribution. Average application efficiency for the first study year was found to be in the order of ZT-MOP (82.41%) > FIRB (76.79%) > ZT-SOP (75.25%) > T-MOP (74.85%) > T-SOP (69.79%). Average application efficiency for the second study year was found to be in the same order as first year with some deviation in values. In the second year values of mean application efficiencies were ZT-MOP (82.58%) > FIRB (77.13%) > ZT-SOP (73.04%) > T-MOP (69.65%) > T-SOP (66.13%). Overall, this study concludes that irrigation under wheat crop using collapsible multi-outlet pipe (MOP) with zero tillage practices is a suitable option for surface irrigation that accomplishes uniform distribution of water with higher application efficiency
SWAGMAN-Whatif, an interactive computer program to teach salinity relationships in irrigated agriculture
Managing salt-affected irrigated lands and marginally salinine
irrigation water requires understanding the interactions among
soil salinity, crop salt tolerances, soil physical properties, irrigation
water quality, irrigation management, water table depth
and quality, climate, and crop yield. An interactive computer
program was developed to simulate interactions among the
above factors. It shows how changing one factor impacts the
others for a growing season. The user selects a climate, crop, and
soil characteristics from menu lists, then sets the water table
depth and quality, irrigation water quality, and develops an
irrigation schedule. On execution, surface runoff, water table
rise or fall, and the relative yield reductions due to overirrigation,
underirrigation, and salinity are shown numerically for 1 yr.
Soil water content, soil salinity, water table depth changes, and
rain and irrigation events are also shown graphically. An IBM-compatible
computer with a math coprocessor executes the
program in 6 to 10 s. This is an educational tool designed to teach
the concepts of salinity and irrigation management and is not an
irrigation scheduling program nor a management tool. Two
versions have been developed, one using metric units, southern
hemisphere growing seasons, and Australian terminology; and
a second using northern hemisphere growing seasons and U.S.
units and terminology. The U.S. version also allows use of metric
units. The program is supplied in executable code with a user
guide, a soil salinity manual, and a salinity units conversion slide
rule
Predicting salinization in a heavy clay soil subjected to a saline shallow water table
Salt increase in a heavy clay soil due to capillary rise was simulated by an
analytical model and a numerical model. Predicted values were compared with
experimental data. The analytical model was inadequate in predicting
salinisation in a dynamic crop/soil system. When root growth was accounted
for, the numerical model satisfactorily predicted salt increase in the soil profile
Models for estimating capillary rise in a heavy clay soil with a saline shallow water table
Shallow saline water tables underlie large areas
of the clay soils in the Murray basin of Australia.
Accurate estimation of capillary rise is important in formulating
management strategies to avoid degradation of
such soils. Measured capillary rise from a saline water
table was compared with capillary rise estimated by three
mathematical models of varying complexity and input
requirement. A quasi steady state analytical model (QSSAM),
a transient state analytical model (TSAM) and a
numerical model (NM) were used. An undisturbed heavy
clay soil core of 0.75 m diameter and 1.4 m deep was
subjected to a static saline water table at 1.2 m from the
surface. A wheat crop was grown on the core and the
weekly capillary rise from the water table was measured.
The electrical conductivity of a 1 : 2 soil : water extract
was determined at 0.15 m depth intervals before and 21
weeks after the introduction of the saline water table. The
QSSAM did not satisfactorily estimate the initial wetting
of the subsoil and the estimated capillary rise was considerably
lower than the measured values. Capillary rise
estimated by the TSAM was reasonably close to the measured
values, but the weekly rates fluctuated considerably.
The NM estimated capillary rise quite satisfactorily
throughout the experiment. Except near the soil surface,
the electrical conductivity values estimated by the NM
were close to the measured values. For estimating total
capillary rise over large areas, the TSAM is preferred
over the NM because of its fewer input requirements and
shorter execution time
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