La nouvelle histoire militaire de l’époque moderne en Allemagne

Depuis quelques années, l’histoire militaire de l’époque moderne en Allemagne est entrée dans une nouvelle dynamique. Après avoir été négligée par les universitaires pendant des décennies, le fait militaire connait un nouvel intérêt surtout chez les jeunes chercheurs, un véritable « boom », dont les résultats vont à moyen terme totalement modifier l’image de l’époque moderne. Cette nouvelle histoire militaire allemande est basée sur des approches thématiques, méthodiques et théoriques. Un premier bilan montre qu’il faut corriger l’image traditionnellement négative de l’armée comme système social. Ainsi, les relations civilo-militaires apparaissent également sous une lumière nouvelle. En conséquence, une reconsidération des concepts fondamentaux de l’époque moderne comme la formation de l’État moderne et la discipline sociale (aussi bien que l’idée d’une militarisation de la société allemande d’après Otto Büsch) semble inévitable. Vu le potentiel et les perspectives de la nouvelle histoire militaire, il n’est pas étonnant que celle-ci se soit mue en une branche acceptée de l’historiographie universitaire allemande.The new military history of modern Germany. Approaches, problems and perspectives.In recent years, the military history of modern Germany has experienced a new dynamic. After having been neglected by university scholars for decades, the military realm has experienced a new interest especially among young researchers, a real boom, the results of which in the medium term will totally change the image of the modern era. This new German military history is based on thematic, methodological and theoretical approaches. An initial assessment shows that it is necessary to correct the traditionally negative image of the army as a social system. Thus, civil-military relations also appear in a new light. Consequently, a reconsideration of the fundamental concepts of modern times such as the formation of the modern state and social discipline (as well as the notion of a militarization of German society according to Otto Büsch) seems inevitable. Considering the potential and prospects of the new military history, it is not surprising that it will be transformed into an accepted part of German academic historiography

Effects of the social environment during adolescence on the development of social behaviour, hormones and morphology in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)

Abstract Background Individual differences in behaviour are widespread in the animal kingdom and often influenced by the size or composition of the social group during early development. In many vertebrates the effects of social interactions early in life on adult behaviour are mediated by changes in maturation and physiology. Specifically, increases in androgens and glucocorticoids in response to social stimulation seem to play a prominent role in shaping behaviour during development. In addition to the prenatal and early postnatal phase, adolescence has more recently been identified as an important period during which adult behaviour and physiology are shaped by the social environment, which so far has been studied mostly in mammals. We raised zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) under three environmental conditions differing in social complexity during adolescence\ua0-\ua0juvenile pairs, juvenile groups, and mixed-age groups - and studied males\u2019 behavioural, endocrine, and morphological maturation, and later their adult behaviour. Results As expected, group-housed males exhibited higher frequencies of social interactions. Group housing also enhanced song during adolescence, plumage development, and the frequency and intensity of adult courtship and aggression. Some traits, however, were affected more in juvenile groups and others in mixed-age groups. Furthermore, a testosterone peak during late adolescence was suppressed in groups with adults. In contrast, corticosterone concentrations did not differ between rearing environments. Unexpectedly, adult courtship in a test situation was lowest in pair-reared males and aggression depended upon the treatment of the opponent with highest rates shown by group-reared males towards pair-reared males. This contrasts with previous findings, possibly due to differences in photoperiod and the acoustic environment. Conclusion Our results support the idea that effects of the adolescent social environment on adult behaviour in vertebrates are mediated by changes in social interactions affecting behavioural and morphological maturation. We found no evidence that long-lasting differences in behaviour reflect testosterone or corticosterone levels during adolescence, although differences between juvenile and mixed-age groups suggest that testosterone and song behaviour during late adolescence may be associated

A reafferent and feed-forward model of song syntax generation in the Bengalese finch

Adult Bengalese finches generate a variable song that obeys a distinct and individual syntax. The syntax is gradually lost over a period of days after deafening and is recovered when hearing is restored. We present a spiking neuronal network model of the song syntax generation and its loss, based on the assumption that the syntax is stored in reafferent connections from the auditory to the motor control area. Propagating synfire activity in the HVC codes for individual syllables of the song and priming signals from the auditory network reduce the competition between syllables to allow only those transitions that are permitted by the syntax. Both imprinting of song syntax within HVC and the interaction of the reafferent signal with an efference copy of the motor command are sufficient to explain the gradual loss of syntax in the absence of auditory feedback. The model also reproduces for the first time experimental findings on the influence of altered auditory feedback on the song syntax generation, and predicts song- and species-specific low frequency components in the LFP. This study illustrates how sequential compositionality following a defined syntax can be realized in networks of spiking neurons

Dorf und Gut im alten Herzogtum Lüneburg /

Errata slip inserted.Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-108)