Ki törődik a gyerekekkel?

A tanulmány az új EU-tagországok gyermekgondozási ellátásait hasonlítja össze. A gyermekgondozási politika két fő pillérét – az államilag nyújtott gyermekgondozási szolgáltatásokat és a gyermekgondozáshoz igénybe vehető szülői szabadság juttatásait – vizsgálja. Az elemzésben a fuzzy halmazok ideáltípusainak megközelítését alkalmaztuk. Az eddigi tanulmányokkal ellentétben a cikk a kelet-közép-európai régiót nem egységes tömbként kezeli, hanem arra törekszik, hogy bemutassa a régió egyes országaiban alkalmazott gyermekgondozási politikák eltéréseit. Ezeket az eltéréseket rendszerbe foglaltan tárgyalja, melyben a gyermekgondozási szakpolitikák négy fő csoportját azonosítja. Ezek a következők: explicit familiarizmus, implicit familiarizmus, női mobilizáció és átfogó támogatás. A vizsgált országok közül a Cseh Köztársaság, Szlovákia és Szlovénia az explicit familiarizmus szakpolitikai modellt, Észtország és Lettország a női mobilizációt, Litvánia és Magyarország pedig a gyermekgondozás átfogó támogatási modelljére jellemző szakpolitikákat képviseli; végül Lengyelország az implicit familiarizmus modell jellemzőivel írható le

Who Cares ? Changing Patterns of Childcare in Central and Eastern Europe

This article compares childcare provisions in the new member countries of the EU. It takes into account two pillars of childcare policy: publicly provided childcare services and parental leave provisions. In the analysis, the fuzzy set ideal types approach is utilized. In contrast to the studies conducted so far, this article stops treating the region of Cental and Eastern Europe as a monolith and demonstrates the existence of cross-country variation of childcare policies within the region. Furthermore, the difference is systematized by identifying four clusters of childcare policy. These are: explicit familialism, implicit familialism, female mobilizing and comprehensive support types. The countries are clustered as follows: the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia in the explicit familism policy model; Estonia and Latvia in the female mobilizing type policy; Lithuania and Hungary pursuing the childcare policies typical of the comprehensive support model; and finally the childcare policy in Poland resembles characteristics of the implicit familism model

Influence of temperature on the timing of spring arrival and duration of migration in Arctic goose species at a central European stopover site

Many birds are advancing their migratory phenology and arriving earlier at their spring staging areas in response to climate warming. The duration of the spring migration of geese depends on the interaction between feeding conditions and dates. We studied White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons and Bean Geese Anser fabalis in north-eastern Poland (one of the coldest areas in the country lowlands), where one of the main central European stopover sites for staging geese is the Biebrza Basin White-fronted Goose and Bean Goose first arrival dates (FADs) in north-eastern Poland were negatively related to local mean spring temperature in January–March during 1996–2015, but FADs of both species (median 28 February) neither differed nor advanced significantly. Total numbers of birds in 10-day periods during 2008–2014 were also analysed. The stay duration of both goose species at the Biebrza stopover site (based on 10-day periods during 2008–2014) varied from 5 to 10 10-day periods

Unusual migratory behaviour in a newly established subpopulation of Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) breeding in the highlands of Poland

The migratory behaviour of a subpopulation of Whooper Swans breeding in highlands of southern Poland was studied over a 17-year period, from 1997 to 2013. Birds ringed in their breeding area spent winters and moulting periods in the vicinity of their natal sites, and the mean distance between breeding area and wintering sites was only 149.1 ± 11.7 km. Moreover, 57.0% of all winter re-sightings were obtained within 100 km of the study area. There was an increase in winter site fidelity by individual Whooper Swans over their lifetime (R 2 = 0.09, p = 0.019), reflected by a linear decrease in the distance travelled between two consecutive winters (b = 0.22 ± 0.09). We did not find any association between winter severity and the birds migratory behaviour, neither in the distance travelled nor the location of winter recoveries. The mean distance between the study area and the moulting site was 142.7 ± 34.6 km and c. 66.6% of ring re-sightings during the moulting period were within 100 km of the study area. During autumn many immature birds were observed close to their parents breeding territory and this could help them reunite with parents or siblings from other seasons. The apparent reduction of migratory behaviour compared with representatives of northern populations indicates behavioural plasticity in the Whooper Swan, which may facilitate further southward expansions of the species

Autumn migratory movements of raptors along the southern Baltic coast

Some of the known major bottlenecks on European flyways are yet insufficiently ex-plored and require more intensive study. On the basis of raptor counts on the Vistula Spit(southern Baltic coast, Poland), from 15th August to 15th November 2008–2011, we con-sider this bottleneck to be important at a European scale. Every year we observed there al-most 11,000 individuals of 22 raptor species. The flyway is especially important for Pere-grine Falcons, Hen Harriers, Merlins and Eurasian Sparrowhawks. To analyse the speciescomposition observed we related the mean annual number of raptors recorded on theVistula Spit to the corresponding numbers at Falsterbo. The linear mixed model showedthat the median migration date showed a significant effect on the species composition andthe flight strategies a nearly significant effect. The southern Baltic coast seems to be themost important bottleneck in the autumn passage for late migrating raptors with flappingflight and differ in composition and numbers of species from the flyway at Falsterbo

Urban habitats and feeders both contribute to flight initiation distance reduction in birds

© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. Animals respond to approaching predators by taking flight at a distance that optimizes the costs and benefits of such flight. Previous studies have shown that urban populations of birds have shorter flight initiation distances than rural populations of the same species, that this difference is partly explained by differences in the community of predators, and that a longer history of urbanization implies a greater reduction in flight initiation distance in urban populations. The use of birdfeeders may be an additional factor reducing flight initiation distance not only in cities but also elsewhere by among other effects increasing body condition, increasing availability and reliability of food, and hence reducing the relative cost of flight. Here, we tested the prediction that urban habitats and presence of feeders independently accounted for reductions in flight initiation distance using extensive samples from different cities in Poland. We found independent significant effects of urban habitat and presence of feeders on flight initiation distance. These findings suggest that different factors have contributed to the >tameness> of urban birds.Peer Reviewe