Some aspects of joint-stock companies functioning in Russia today

The author attempts to identify the peculiarities of joint stock companies in Russia at the present stage. In the beginning of this article, the author shows the importance of joint-stock companies for economic relations. There are historical examples, such as Muscovy Company (1555), the Chicago City Railway Company (1859)yesBelgorod State National Research Universit

Scrutinizing the consumers preferences of Smart Watches as the prerequisite for substantiating the need for a social element in marketing research

The author determines the problem on the basis of the final financial result of the company's activities. The author takes into account the capitalization of the company, as a factor. The author pays attention to the analysis of the company “Slice Intelligence” regarding Apple Watch. On the other hand, the author relies on numerous works in the field of marketing mix. The author formalizes his own judgments about the current state of the watch market. The author narrates about the questioning of the respondents. This article contains data from a survey of respondents' preferences concerning the smart watch market. The author analyzed these preferences. The author formulates conclusions in accordance with the conducted research. The conclusion about the need to take into account personal preferences takes place. The results of these studies indicate the necessity to use the social econom

Marketing express research of a condition of modern wheat export on the global market

The author of the article attempts to assess the possibilities of different countries in terms of wheat exports based on the study of a certain list of scientific primary sources. Information on world grain prices ($/t) for the period 2014-2015 of the Committee on the General Organization of Agricultural Markets was the starting point of the study. The main wheat exporters at the present stage are described. The obtained data are summarized and the information is systematized. The prospects for the development of export opportunities of some countries are substantiate

Immune Fingerprinting through Repertoire Similarity

Immune repertoires provide a unique fingerprint reflecting the immune history of individuals, with potential applications in precision medicine. However, the question of how personal that information is and how it can be used to identify individuals has not been explored. Here, we show that individuals can be uniquely identified from repertoires of just a few thousands lymphocytes. We present "Immprint," a classifier using an information-theoretic measure of repertoire similarity to distinguish pairs of repertoire samples coming from the same versus different individuals. Using published T-cell receptor repertoires and statistical modeling, we tested its ability to identify individuals with great accuracy, including identical twins, by computing false positive and false negative rates $< 10^{-6}$ from samples composed of 10,000 T-cells. We verified through longitudinal datasets and simulations that the method is robust to acute infections and the passage of time. These results emphasize the private and personal nature of repertoire data

The modular structure of the adaptive machine learning system

Machine learning system based on the modular structure can tune to particular subject area flexibly and form the optimal individual educational trajector

Exploring the pre-immune landscape of antigen-specific T cells

Abstract Background Adaptive immune responses to newly encountered pathogens depend on the mobilization of antigen-specific clonotypes from a vastly diverse pool of naive T cells. Using recent advances in immune repertoire sequencing technologies, models of the immune receptor rearrangement process, and a database of annotated T cell receptor (TCR) sequences with known specificities, we explored the baseline frequencies of T cells specific for defined human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted epitopes in healthy individuals. Methods We used a database of TCR sequences with known antigen specificities and a probabilistic TCR rearrangement model to estimate the baseline frequencies of TCRs specific to distinct antigens epitopespecificT-cells. We verified our estimates using a publicly available collection of TCR repertoires from healthy individuals. We also interrogated a database of immunogenic and non-immunogenic peptides is used to link baseline T-cell frequencies with epitope immunogenicity. Results Our findings revealed a high degree of variability in the prevalence of T cells specific for different antigens that could be explained by the physicochemical properties of the corresponding HLA class I-bound peptides. The occurrence of certain rearrangements was influenced by ancestry and HLA class I restriction, and umbilical cord blood samples contained higher frequencies of common pathogen-specific TCRs. We also identified a quantitative link between specific T cell frequencies and the immunogenicity of cognate epitopes presented by defined HLA class I molecules. Conclusions Our results suggest that the population frequencies of specific T cells are strikingly non-uniform across epitopes that are known to elicit immune responses. This inference leads to a new definition of epitope immunogenicity based on specific TCR frequencies, which can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy in silico, thereby providing a novel framework to integrate computational and experimental genomics with basic and translational research efforts in the field of T cell immunology

Precise tracking of vaccine-responding T-cell clones reveals convergent and personalized response in identical twins

T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data contain information about infections that could be used in disease diagnostics and vaccine development, but extracting that information remains a major challenge. Here we developed a statistical framework to detect TCR clone proliferation and contraction from longitudinal repertoire data. We applied this framework to data from three pairs of identical twins immunized with the yellow fever vaccine. We identified 500-1500 responding TCRs in each donor and validated them using three independent assays. While the responding TCRs were mostly private, albeit with higher overlap between twins, they could be well predicted using a classifier based on sequence similarity. Our method can also be applied to samples obtained post-infection, making it suitable for systematic discovery of new infection-specific TCRs in the clinic