Radial Velocity along the Voyager 1 Trajectory: The Effect of Solar Cycle

As Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are approaching the heliopause (HP)—the boundary between the solar wind (SW) and the local interstellar medium (LISM)—we expect new, unknown features of the heliospheric interface to be revealed. A seeming puzzle reported recently by Krimigis et al. concerns the unusually low, even negative, radial velocity components derived from the energetic ion distribution. Steady-state plasma models of the inner heliosheath (IHS) show that the radial velocity should not be equal to zero even at the surface of the HP. Here we demonstrate that the velocity distributions observed by Voyager 1 are consistent with time-dependent simulations of the SW-LISM interaction. In this Letter, we analyze the results from a numerical model of the large-scale heliosphere that includes solar cycle effects. Our simulations show that prolonged periods of low to negative radial velocity can exist in the IHS at substantial distances from the HP. It is also shown that Voyager 1 was more likely to observe such regions than Voyager 2

Quantitative Biological Electron Probe Microanalysis with a Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer

This paper describes the details of quantitative electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) performed with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS). EPMA was carried out on the giant neuron of a fresh frozen ganglion from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The freeze-dried cryosections were compared with sections of freeze-dried, embedded tissue. It was found, that in the ganglion there are two kinds of neurons with a different chlorine concentration of 11 mmole/liter and 32 mmole/liter. Isolated neurons in culture were shown to differ in elemental composition from those in the ganglion tissue

Quantum Electrodynamics at Extremely Small Distances

The asymptotics of the Gell-Mann - Low function in QED can be determined exactly, \beta(g)= g at g\to\infty, where g=e^2 is the running fine structure constant. It solves the problem of pure QED at small distances L and gives the behavior g\sim L^{-2}.Comment: Latex, 6 pages, 1 figure include

Transport Processes in Metal-Insulator Granular Layers

Tunnel transport processes are considered in a square lattice of metallic nanogranules embedded into insulating host to model tunnel conduction in real metal/insulator granular layers. Based on a simple model with three possible charging states ($\pm$, or 0) of a granule and three kinetic processes (creation or recombination of a $\pm$ pair, and charge transfer) between neighbor granules, the mean-field kinetic theory is developed. It describes the interplay between charging energy and temperature and between the applied electric field and the Coulomb fields by the non-compensated charge density. The resulting charge and current distributions are found to be essentially different in the free area (FA), between the metallic contacts, or in the contact areas (CA), beneath those contacts. Thus, the steady state dc transport is only compatible with zero charge density and ohmic resistivity in FA, but charge accumulation and non-ohmic behavior are \emph{necessary} for conduction over CA. The approximate analytic solutions are obtained for characteristic regimes (low or high charge density) of such conduction. The comparison is done with the measurement data on tunnel transport in related experimental systems.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, 1 reference corrected, acknowlegments adde

THE PHENOMENON OF VIRTUAL IDENTITY: THE CONTEMPORARY CONDITION OF THE PROBLEM

Introduction. Modern society is characterized by the formation of a new socio-cultural environment, which is based on a wide access to a variety of sources of information. Mass distribution of the Internet has a direct impact on socialization processes of the representatives of “Z-generation” who spend enormous amount of time in a cyberspace, quite often losing at the same time an ability of real personal development, interest in acquisition of skills for real interaction and effective communication. In this regard, the research of a phenomenon of a new, virtual identity of the personality, which is formed in the Internet environment, is brought into focus. The aim of the present publication is to consider the current level of knowledge in the field of virtual identity and systematization of scientific knowledge of this phenomenon. Methodology and research methods. Theoretical analysis, methods of synthesis and generalization were used. Results and scientific novelty. Various approaches to interpretation of virtual identity are considered; research tendencies are highlighted. The concepts “real identity” and “virtual identity” are viewed in relation to each other; the features and risks of virtual identity formation are revealed. The functions of virtual identity are specified. It is revealed that virtual identity reflects the subjectively significant image of the “Ideal-I” which is compiled from the completed material, character set and graphic images of the Internet environment, and therefore does not possess the uniqueness. Factors of designing by the person of virtual identity are described. Virtual identity can arise as a result of dissatisfaction with real identity, as a consequence of the identification crisis, in which the individual loses integrity. At the same time, it is shown that the cyberspace gives ample opportunities for self-expression and maximum personal fulfillment, realization of qualities, playing of roles and experience of emotions which turn out to be frustrated under any circumstances in real life. Problem areas of excessive immersion into virtual space are identified. An immature personality can lose life orientations as well as acquire the programmed decisions and ready cogitative patterns through excessive Internet use. The social activity in the Internet environment significantly reduces the moral level of communication on social networking sites and messengers. Aspiration always “to be online”, fear to miss a new message or a post aggravate anxiety of the user, increase the feeling of fatigue and uncontrollable temper, scant attention and strongwilled self-regulation, aggravation of a hypodynamia.The authors conclude that is required to continue to study the specifics of socialization in the Internet environment since it generates new forms of age development, changes the tasks and ideas of children and teenagers about social relations, and transforms an ideal image of the subsequent age stages in their consciousness. Practical significance. The results of the work carried out can be applied in the activities of teachers, social educators, educators, psychologists and other specialists who deal with the questions of socialization of modern children and adolescents. Введение. В современном обществе продолжается формирование социокультурной среды, основной характеристикой которой является свободный доступ к разнообразным источникам информации. Массовое распространение сети Интернет оказывает непосредственное влияние на процессы социализации представителей «Z-поколения», которые проводят колоссальное количество времени в киберпространстве, нередко утрачивая при этом способность реального личностного развития, интерес к приобретению навыков реального взаимодействия и эффективных, ничем не опосредованных коммуникаций. В связи с этим актуализируется исследование феномена новой, виртуальной идентичности личности, формирующейся в интернет-среде. Цель публикации – обсуждение современного состояния изучения виртуальной идентичности и систематизация научных знаний о данном феномене. Методы, применявшиеся в работе, – теоретический анализ, синтез и обобщение. Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрены различные подходы к интерпретации виртуальной идентичности, обозначены тенденции ее исследования. Соотнесены понятия «реальная идентичность» и «виртуальная идентичность», выявлены особенности и риски формирования последней. Уточнены функции виртуальной идентичности. В общем виде она отражает субъективно-значимый образ «идеального Я», который, однако, компилируется из готового материала, набора символов и графических изображений интернет-среды и поэтому не обладает уникальностью. Описаны факторы конструирования человеком виртуальной идентичности, чаще всего возникающей по причине неудовлетворенности индивида своей реальной идентичностью или вследствие кризиса идентификации, при котором личность утрачивает целостность. Вместе с тем показано, что киберпространство предоставляет широкие возможности для самовыражения и максимального раскрытия личностного потенциала, реализации качеств, проигрывания ролей и переживания эмоций, оказавшихся из-за каких-либо обстоятельств фрустрированными в реальной жизни. Определены проблемные зоны чрезмерного погружения в виртуальное пространство. Злоупотребляя пребыванием в нем, незрелая личность может потерять жизненные ориентиры, усвоить запрограммированные решения и готовые мыслительные штампы. Социальное расторможение в интернет-среде существенно снижает морально-нравственный уровень коммуникации в социальных сетях и мессенджерах. Стремление всегда «быть онлайн», страх пропустить новое сообщение или пост усиливают тревожность пользователя, приводят к повышению у него утомляемости и раздражительности, ослаблению внимания и волевой регуляции, обострению гиподинамии.Сделан вывод о необходимости продолжения изучения специфики социализации в интернет-среде, поскольку она вырабатывает новые формы возрастного развития, изменяя его задачи и представления детей и подростков о социальных отношениях, трансформируя в их сознании идеальный образ последующих возрастных этапов. Практическая значимость. Материалы статьи могут найти применение в деятельности социальных педагогов, педагогов-психологов и иных специалистов, занимающихся вопросами детской и подростковой социализации.

Ensemble simulations of the 12 July 2012 Coronal Mass Ejection with the Constant Turn Flux Rope Model

Flux-rope-based magnetohydrodynamic modeling of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is a promising tool for the prediction of the CME arrival time and magnetic field at Earth. In this work, we introduce a constant-turn flux rope model and use it to simulate the 12-July-2012 16:48 CME in the inner heliosphere. We constrain the initial parameters of this CME using the graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) model and the reconnected flux in post-eruption arcades. We correctly reproduce all the magnetic field components of the CME at Earth, with an arrival time error of approximately 1 hour. We further estimate the average subjective uncertainties in the GCS fittings, by comparing the GCS parameters of 56 CMEs reported in multiple studies and catalogs. We determined that the GCS estimates of the CME latitude, longitude, tilt, and speed have average uncertainties of 5.74 degrees, 11.23 degrees, 24.71 degrees, and 11.4% respectively. Using these, we have created 77 ensemble members for the 12-July-2012 CME. We found that 55% of our ensemble members correctly reproduce the sign of the magnetic field components at Earth. We also determined that the uncertainties in GCS fitting can widen the CME arrival time prediction window to about 12 hours for the 12-July-2012 CME. On investigating the forecast accuracy introduced by the uncertainties in individual GCS parameters, we conclude that the half-angle and aspect ratio have little impact on the predicted magnetic field of the 12-July-2012 CME, whereas the uncertainties in longitude and tilt can introduce a relatively large spread in the magnetic field predicted at Earth