Empirical sociology of law

[Δε διατίθεται περίληψη / no abstract available][Δε διατίθεται περίληψη / no abstract available

Educating young people in multicultural educational environment of higher education institution

© 2015 by iSER, International Society of Educational Research. The issue is relevant today because there is the formation of culture of international relations between students in a multicultural educational environment. The article is aimed at multicultural education, which can minimize culture shock, increase and diversify the experience of cross-cultural communication between countries and peoples who are actively cooperating in all spheres of life. A leading approach to the study of this problem is a systematic approach which allows you to identify, justify and group theoretical and practical prerequisites of the formation of cultural and interethnic relations between students in a multicultural educational environment of higher education institution. The research has shown that familiarizing with the cultural heritage, the student learns the experience of many generations, and perhaps, of the whole mankind. The article records may be useful for experts in improving the quality of intercultural communication

Designing and Implementing effective autonomous vehicle regulation in Toronto, Ontario

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 162-169).Studies suggest autonomous vehicles can enable a more equitable, efficient, and sustainable transportation network. Yet, experts point out this outcome is not guaranteed, and that without outside policy intervention autonomous vehicle (AV) use might actually exacerbate congestion, sprawl, and inequitable access to travel. These challenges will be most acutely felt in areas under the purview of local governments-such as transportation congestion, land use, and impacts on public transit. As such, the goal of this thesis is to assist municipal policymakers with mitigating these impacts by answering the question: How can local governments effectively regulate autonomous vehicles? Looking at Toronto, Canada, specifically, this thesis addresses the following issues: - When is a contract, and when is a regulation, the most appropriate tool to encourage AV companies to act in ways that help foster a sustainable and equitable transportation network? - What does the City of Toronto require to develop effective AV regulation? - How can the City of Toronto codify broad AV policies into specific, enforceable regulations? This thesis employs three research methods: a literature review, a document analysis, and qualitative interviews with relevant experts. The primary literature review looks at the possible benefits and harms that might come from AV development and the policies local governments can enact to correct for these externalities. Interviews were conducted with 23 experts from the public and private sectors and academia, with responses analysed and themes drawn out to develop answers to the above research questions. Finally, analysis of Toronto's Official Plan and Municipal Code helped inform the creation of a proposed Article 10-A of the code to regulate AV rideshare companies. Chapters three to five of this thesis develop a framework (laid out in Figure 0.1) for thinking about how best to design effective AV regulation. Firstly, the government needs legal capacity to regulate in a given area. Toronto, for example, is responsible for overseeing local rideshare company activity. The remaining four elements all relate to human resources. Interviews show Toronto's bureaucrats believe they have a responsibility and ability to craft effective and ambitious regulations that advance the city's goals. These willing civil servants need the time and the expertise to design good policy, and the Toronto government has an AV working group that provides a forum for such a discussion. To see regulations enacted effectively, however, the mayor and council must not only support rules eventually proposed by the working group; they may also need to approach the provincial government to convince them to craft their own complementary AV legislation. Figure 0.1. The five elements to effective regulation [illustration] Chapter six explores how broad AV policy can be applied concretely. Along with Article 10-A (Appendix C), it offers an example of the specific legal language for AV regulation. Divided into two broad categories--'Equity' and 'Urban Form and Street Space'-the article addresses some of the anticipated issues that might arise with AV rideshare operations including a need to allow citizens without a smartphone are able to use the service, limit AV rideshare travel on local roads, and ensure all neighbourhoods enjoy a relatively similar level of service (accounting for geography and density). Beyond the proposed article itself, chapter six provides feedback from Toronto officials as to the challenges the provisions in the article might face were the government to attempt their ratification. Positively, none of the regulations were unanimously viewed as infeasible, with staff seemingly eager to act boldly when it comes to addressing the challenges of AV activity. As such, this thesis can be used both by Toronto policymakers and their counterparts elsewhere as the basis for discussion in designing the specific rules for AV operations that will be incorporated into a future version of the Municipal Code.by Benjamin M. Gillies-Podgorecki.M.C.P

The Bose-Einstein correlation function C2(Q)C_2(Q) from a Quantum Field Theory point of view

We show that a recently proposed derivation of Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) by means of a specific version of thermal Quantum Field Theory (QFT), supplemented by operator-field evolution of the Langevin type, allows for a deeper understanding of the possible coherent behaviour of the emitting source and a clear identification of the origin of the observed shape of the BEC function $C_2(Q)$. Previous conjectures in this matter obtained by other approaches are confirmed and have received complementary explanation.Comment: Some misprints corrected. To be publishe in Phys. Rev.

Fairness at Trial: The Impact of Procedural Justice and Other Experiential Factors on Criminal Defendants' Perceptions of Court Legitimacy in Poland

A large body of research supports the procedural justice hypothesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes for institutional legitimacy. How fairness matters across legal institutions and geographic settings remains an open question, however. This article uses a survey of criminal defendants to test the factors associated with perceived legitimacy of courts in Poland, a country whose judiciary is currently subject to intense political contestation. The findings confirm the primacy of procedural justice, while also illustrating the influence of instrumental performance factors such as time and court organization. This suggests that in contexts of political transition with disputed legal institutions, citizens’ contact with procedurally fair, operationally efficient institutions can support the legitimacy of authorities and strengthen the rule of law

Pendekatan sosiologis terhadap hukum

xi.; 416 hal.; ill.; 19 c

Une théorie de la société polonaise

The theory of Polish society. The article deals with socio-economic developments which have taken place in Poland since the World War II. The article capitalizes the fact that the huge transformations which took place in this ideologically pre-designed "macro-social laboratory" have been observed in vivo by a group of competent sociologists, educated before and after the War. These changes become a subject of multidimensional explanation, which takes into consideration various existing and new concepts and theories. Among others, the role of the unique social stratum of intelligentsia is stressed, and a new theoretical concept of "meta-attitudes" is developed.L'article est consacré à l'évolution socio-économique de la Pologne depuis la seconde guerre mondiale. Il tire profit du fait que les profonds changements intervenus dans ce « laboratoire macro-social », soumis à une idéologie dominante, ont été observés in vivo par une série de sociologues compétents, formés avant et après la guerre. Ces changements sont analysés dans leurs dimensions multiples en tenant compte des divers concepts et théories existants ainsi que des développements récents. L'auteur insiste en particulier sur le rôle de cette classe sociale unique dans son genre qu'est l'intelligentsia et élabore un nouveau concept théorique, celui des « méta-attitudes ».Podgorecki Adam. Une théorie de la société polonaise. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 22, 1991, n°4. pp. 49-75

Le cas d'une sociologie aliénée, témoin et acteur d'un changement social global

The case of an alienated sociology as a witness and a agent of macro-social change The main task of this article is to evaluate to what extent and under what conditions a critically oriented sociology (with respectable traditions) is able to fulfil a function of diagnosing, designing, suggesting and monitoring social changes on the macro-social- level. The answer — based on the case of Polish sociology — is sceptical, if not negative. Firstly, Polish sociology has recently lost its leading place in Central/Eastern Europe, and in consequence is no longer able to provide the master-frame of reference for sociologists from other Eastern-European countries. Secondly, Polish sociology has been unable to develop a comprehensive theory of social changes which have taken part in Eastern Europe. Thirdly, Polish sociology has developed a specific type of approach to social sciences. On the one hand, this approach generated of an instrumental type of scholar, who does not care about truth and who treats scientific inquiry as a means for accomplishing non-scholarly goals. On the other hand, there has emerged the type of a spectacular scholar who uses his/her real, or fabricated, scholarly recognition to support certain political ideas (sometimes « dissident »), and who is also used by a political lobby as a political figurehead. Both forms are applied as self-promoting strategies. Fourthly, Polish sociology has been unable to utilize the unique « historical and social laboratory » of Polish society to give an adequate diagnosis of that society. The resultant lack of a synthesis precludes Polish sociologists to formulate recommendations of social change on the macro-level. Fifthly, those Polish sociologists who had been active in imposing Marxist dogmas on the Polish ' academia ' now play a leading role in the Polish democratic transformations.L'auteur se demande dans quelle mesure et dans quelles conditions, une sociologie de type critique (et dans l'ensemble hautement respectable) est à même de remplir ses fonctions traditionnelles : diagnostiquer, concevoir, suggérer et superviser les changements sociaux au niveau macro-social. Pour répondre à ces questions, il se penche sur le cas de la sociologie polonaise et en tire des conclusions plutôt dubitatives. Premièrement, la sociologie polonaise a récemment perdu sa place dominante en Europe centrale et orientale et ne peut donc plus servir de cadre indiscuté de référence aux sociologues des autres pays est-européens. Deuxièmement, la sociologie polonaise a été incapable d'élaborer une théorie globale des transformations sociales qui se sont produites dans cette partie du monde. Troisièmement, la sociologie polonaise a développé une approche très particulière des sciences sociales. D'une part, elle a engendré un type de chercheur dit instrumental, qui se moque de la vérité et se sert de sa profession comme d'un tremplin pour atteindre des buts qui n'ont rien à voir avec la recherche scientifique. D'autre part, on a vu émerger un type de chercheur dit spectaculaire, qui joue de sa renommée réelle ou supposée pour cautionner certaines idées politiques (parfois « dissidentes ») et sert de figure de proue à certains groupes de pression politique. Ces deux comportements ne sont, en définitive, que des stratégies d'auto-promotion. Quatrièmement, la sociologie polonaise a eu la chance de disposer d'un « laboratoire historique et social » unique et a été incapable d'en tirer parti pour établir un diagnostic correct de la société. Cette absence de réflexion synthétique interdit aux sociologues polonais d'accompagner et d'orienter le changement macro-social. Cinquièmement, les sociologues polonais, qui ont activement contribué à imposer les dogmes marxistes au monde académique de leur pays, jouent aujourd'hui un rôle de premier plan dans les transformations démocratiques de la Pologne.Podgorecki Adam. Le cas d'une sociologie aliénée, témoin et acteur d'un changement social global. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 22, 1991, n°1. pp. 123-140

Preface

Onati International Series in Law and Societ