Programme ABT. Le régime alimentaire des bovins et ovins sur les pâturages naturels de la région du Ferlo (Sénégal). Détermination de la composition botanique par analyse microhistologique des épidermes présents dans la collecte du berger, des bols oesophagiens et des fécès

Un programme de recherches conjoint IEMVT-CIRAD/LNERV-ISRA sur l'utilisation des pâturages tropicaux par le bétail domestique a été mis en place au Sénégal. Au cours des études sur le terrain, de nombreuses informations ont été recueillies et de nombreux prélèvements effectués. Ces derniers visaient trois buts : connaissance de la flore disponible, étude du régime alimentaire, relations entre eux. La méthode "des épidermes" a été retenue pour analyser et comparer la composition botanique de 105 échantillons : collectes du berger, prélèvements oesophagiens et fèces, recueillis au cours d'un cycle de 12 mois. Les résultats permettent de soulever quelques problèmes d'ordre méthodologique et de proposer une marche à suivre que des expériences ultérieures devront confirmer ou infirmer (résumé d'auteur

Accidents vasculaires cérébraux : neuropsychologie, imagerie multimodale, remédiation cognitive et traitement pharmacologique

Si les séquelles fonctionnelles des Accidents Vasculaires Cérébraux (AVC) sont fréquentes et responsables de déficits moteur, sensitif et langagier, les séquelles cognitives invisibles, contribuent au handicap. Tout au long de ce travail, nous dessinerons le profil neuropsychologique de patients victimes d'un accident ischémique transitoire, d'un AVC ischémique et hémorragique. Nous verrons ensuite dans quelles mesures les mécanismes de plasticité cérébrale sont mis en jeu dans l'ischémie cérébrale et comment il est possible de moduler les réseaux fonctionnels de la cognition via une prise en charge en remédiation cognitive. Il s'agira enfin d'aborder la physiopathologie des hémorragies intracérébrales à l'aide de marqueurs cliniques, anatomiques et moléculaires dans le but de mieux caractériser l'étiologie de la maladie et ainsi aider au diagnostic clinique.If the functional outcomes of stroke are common and closely related to motor, sensory and language deficits, cognitive disorders, invisible, contribute significantly to the disability and are still poorly understood in the general population. Throughout this work, we will draw the neuropsychological profile of patients victim of a transient ischemic attack, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. We will then see in which extend the mechanisms of brain plasticity are involved in cerebral ischemia, and how it is possible to modulate the functional networks of cognition thru cognitive remediation. We will finally discuss the pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage using clinical, anatomical and molecular markers in order to better characterize the etiology of the disease and thus help clinical diagnosis

ERP and behavioral evidence for interaction/cascade between central (linguistic) and peripheral (motor) processes during word handwriting

International audienceModels of handwritten language production make a distinction between central (access to semantic, orthographic and phonological information) and peripheral (allographic and gesture planning) processes (see van Galen, 1991; Rapp, 2002). Though, this is still a matter of debate whether these central and peripheral modules are processed in a cascaded or in a serial way (Delattre, Barry & Bonin, 2006; Damian & Stadthagen-Gonzalez, 2009). In the same view, another question still debated is ”do central and peripheral processes ‘interact’ in handwritten word production compared to oral naming”

Intercomparison of oceanic and atmospheric forced and coupled mesoscale simulations <br>Part I: Surface fluxes

International audienceA mesoscale non-hydrostatic atmospheric model has been coupled with a mesoscale oceanic model. The case study is a four-day simulation of a strong storm event observed during the SEMAPHORE experiment over a 500 × 500 km2 domain. This domain encompasses a thermohaline front associated with the Azores current. In order to analyze the effect of mesoscale coupling, three simulations are compared: the first one with the atmospheric model forced by realistic sea surface temperature analyses; the second one with the ocean model forced by atmospheric fields, derived from weather forecast re-analyses; the third one with the models being coupled. For these three simulations the surface fluxes were computed with the same bulk parametrization. All three simulations succeed well in representing the main oceanic or atmospheric features observed during the storm. Comparison of surface fields with in situ observations reveals that the winds of the fine mesh atmospheric model are more realistic than those of the weather forecast re-analyses. The low-level winds simulated with the atmospheric model in the forced and coupled simulations are appreciably stronger than the re-analyzed winds. They also generate stronger fluxes. The coupled simulation has the strongest surface heat fluxes: the difference in the net heat budget with the oceanic forced simulation reaches on average 50 Wm-2 over the simulation period. Sea surface-temperature cooling is too weak in both simulations, but is improved in the coupled run and matches better the cooling observed with drifters. The spatial distributions of sea surface-temperature cooling and surface fluxes are strongly inhomogeneous over the simulation domain. The amplitude of the flux variation is maximum in the coupled run. Moreover the weak correlation between the cooling and heat flux patterns indicates that the surface fluxes are not responsible for the whole cooling and suggests that the response of the ocean mixed layer to the atmosphere is highly non-local and enhanced in the coupled simulation