Metanólise de óleo de soja em reator de membrana compósita PVA/casca de ovo calcinada. Estudo do efeito da reticulação

Com a crise energética atual e os efeitos nocivos associados ao consumo de combustíveis fósseis e seus derivados, tornou-se imperativo pesquisar e desenvolver alternativas sustentáveis e economicamente viáveis face a esse recurso. Surgiu então o biodiesel, um combustível derivado de recursos renováveis e potencial substituto do diesel convencional de base petroquímica. A transesterificação de óleos vegetais apresenta ser a principal via na produção de biodiesel. A utilização de catalisadores básicos homogéneos, tal como o hidróxido de sódio, na produção de biodiesel apresenta algumas adversidades, nomeadamente, o aparecimento de reações secundárias de hidrólise dos triglicéridos, na presença de água, que promovem a formação de sabões e emulsões. Mesmo com o uso de reagentes secos, ocorrem reações entre o hidróxido e o álcool, formando-se água. Uma solução para este tipo de problemas é a utilização de catalisadores heterogéneos. Contudo, a produção de biodiesel apresenta custos associados elevados que podem ser diminuídos com a utilização de catalisadores provenientes de resíduos alimentares. Este trabalho consistiu na preparação de membranas catalítica de álcool polivinílico (PVA) incorporadas com um catalisador heterogéneo sólido básico (óxido de cálcio) obtido a partir de resíduos alimentares industriais (casca de ovo de galinha). Procedeu-se à caraterização das membranas por determinação da espessura, ângulos de contato, grau de inchamento e por espectroscopia de infravermelho. As membranas de PVA foram testadas na transesterificação de óleo de soja com metanol em reator de membrana catalítica. Analisou-se o efeito da reticulação química nas propriedades das membranas e na atividade catalítica

Comparison of neonatal complications.

<p>WG: weeks of gestation; A/S: Affected/Survivors; <b>*</b> Inflammatory disease: Periventricular leukomalacia, and/or IVH and/or chronic lung disease and/or necrotizing enterocolitis and/or death.</p

Comparison of maternal, pregnancy and labour characteristics.

<p>SD: standard deviation; ^<b>1</b> Repetitive urinary or vaginal infections; ^<b>2</b> Uterus malformation, cervix insufficiency, conisation; ^<b>3</b> Interruption of pregnancy, C section, preterm birth; <b>*</b> non interpretable.</p

Outcomes of 94 cases of PPROM before 24 WG.

<p>WG: Weeks of Gestation; EPPROM: Early Preterm Premature Rupture Of Membranes; NCIU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.</p

Comparison of neonatal criteria.

<p>SD: standard deviation; WG: weeks of gestation; gr: gram; ^<b>1</b> Difference of means, impact of rupture of membranes on the variable; * non interpretable.</p

Outcome at Two Years of Very Preterm Infants Born after Rupture of Membranes before Viability

To compare the respiratory and neurological outcomes at two years of age of preterm children born before 33 weeks of gestation (WG) after early preterm premature rupture of membranes (EPPROM) between 14 and 24 WG with preterm children without EPPROM.This single-center case-control retrospective study was conducted at Rouen University Hospital between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2010. All the cases with EPPROM born from 26WG to 32WG were included. Each newborn was matched by sex, gestational age (GA) and year of birth to two very preterm children, born without EPPROM. At two years of corrected age, motor and cognitive abilities were assessed by routine score based on the Amiel-Tison and Denver developmental scales.Ninety-four cases with EPPROM before 24WG have been included. The 31 children born from 26WG to 32WG were matched with 62 controls. The EPPROM group had poorer clinical evaluation at one year for motor (p = 0.003) and cognitive developmental scores (p = 0.016). Neuromotor rehabilitation was performed more often (p = 0.013). However, there was no difference at 2 years of age. Children born after EPPROM were hospitalized more often for bronchiolitis (p<0.001) during their first 2 years, which correlates with increased incidence of pneumothorax (p = 0.017), pulmonary hypoplasia (p = 0.004) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.005) during neonatal period.At two years, despite an increase in severe bronchiolitis and the need for more neuromotor rehabilitation during the first month of the life after discharge, there was no difference in neurological outcomes in the very preterm children of the EPPROM group compared to those born at a similar GA without EPPROM

Rilpivirine in HIV-1-positive women initiating pregnancy: to switch or not to switch?

International audienceBackgroundSafety data about rilpivirine use during pregnancy remain scarce, and rilpivirine plasma concentrations are reduced during second/third trimesters, with a potential risk of viral breakthroughs. Thus, French guidelines recommend switching to rilpivirine-free combinations (RFCs) during pregnancy.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of women initiating pregnancy while on rilpivirine and to compare the outcomes for virologically suppressed subjects continuing rilpivirine until delivery versus switching to an RFC.MethodsIn the ANRS-EPF French Perinatal cohort, we included women on rilpivirine at conception in 2010–18. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between patients continuing versus interrupting rilpivirine. In women with documented viral suppression (<50 copies/mL) before 14 weeks of gestation (WG) while on rilpivirine, we compared the probability of viral rebound (≥50 copies/mL) during pregnancy between subjects continuing rilpivirine versus those switching to RFC.ResultsAmong 247 women included, 88.7% had viral suppression at the beginning of pregnancy. Overall, 184 women (74.5%) switched to an RFC (mostly PI/ritonavir-based regimens) at a median gestational age of 8.0 WG. Plasma HIV-1 RNA nearest delivery was <50 copies/mL in 95.6% of women. Among 69 women with documented viral suppression before 14 WG, the risk of viral rebound was higher when switching to RFCs than when continuing rilpivirine (20.0% versus 0.0%, P = 0.046). Delivery outcomes were similar between groups (overall birth defects, 3.8/100 live births; pregnancy losses, 2.0%; preterm deliveries, 10.6%). No HIV transmission occurred.ConclusionsIn virologically suppressed women initiating pregnancy, continuing rilpivirine was associated with better virological outcome than changing regimen. We did not observe a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes