Imposex in stramonita haemastoma: a preliminary comparison between waterborne and dietborne exposure.

00 adult individuals of the Stramonita haemastoma were collected from a pristine beach in Ceara State, Brazil. These organisms were transplanted into a marina with intense shipping activities and were fed weekly with oysters obtained from the same beach from which they were collected, being exposed only to the bioavailable organotins in the environment, without accounting for diet (waterborne exposure). 30 individuals were analyzed every 2 weeks after transplantation to investigate the development of imposex. After 15 days, 90% of the females had developed imposex (VDSI I-III, RPLI 3.22), with 100% of the females developing imposex after 30 days; at the end of the experiment, the VDSI levels ranged between I-V. These results were compared with those of a previously published study performed simultaneously in which gastropods obtained in same area were fed in the laboratory with oysters from the same marina in which the gastropods were transplanted (dietborne exposure). Despite the higher levels obtained through exposure via water at the end of 90 days, both exposure routes induced imposex in 100% of the females of the S. haemastoma. However, aqueous exposure induced higher levels, possibly due to the constant contact between the organisms and contaminant

Bacteria-invertebrate interactions as an asset in developing new antifouling coatings for man-made aquatic surfaces

Economic losses can result from biofouling establishment on man-made structures. Macrofouling causes damage to artificial substrates, which justifies the need for its control. However, the antifouling coatings employed nowadays are typically not safe for the environment. Microfouling can affect macrofouling colonization, and thus represents a potential target for alternative antifouling control. From both ecological and economical points of view, information on the ecology and interactions between microand macrofouling are crucial to develop successful and safe control strategies, which will prevent biofouling development on man-made structures while preserving water quality and the safety of nontarget organisms. This study presents a metabarcoding analysis of biofilm-associated marine bacteria (16S-rRNA-gene) and fungi (ITS-region), with the aim to understand invertebrate settlement over time on hard substrates exposed to natural condition (Control) and two treatments (Antimicrobials and Antifouling Painted). Biofouling composition changed with exposure time (up to 12 days) and showed differences among Control and Antimicrobials and Painted treatments. Antimicrobial treatment influenced more the biofouling composition than traditional antifouling paint (Cu20-based). Both treatments caused microbial resistance. Macrofouling establishment was strongly influenced by Gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria (mostly Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes). Nevertheless, each macrofouling taxon settled in response to a specific biofilm bacterial composition, although other factors can also affect the biofouling community as the condition of the substrate. We suggest that proper friendly antifouling technologies should be focused on inhibiting bacterial biofilm adhesion. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Antifouling paint particles: Sources, occurrence, composition and dynamics

Sources, occurrence, composition and dynamics of antifouling paint particles (APPs) were assessed in Patos lagoon estuary (PLE), Southern Brazil. Ten areas including boatyards, a marina and artisanal fishing harbors were identified in the estuarine system as potential sources of APPs. The APPs generated in these areas were highly heterogeneous considering the size, shape and composition. Based on an estimate of antifouling paint usage and amount of boats in each studied area, artisanal fishing harbors could be the main source of particles to PLE. However, relatively high amounts of APPs, which ranged from 130 to 40,300 mu g g(-1), were detected in sediments collected in front of boatyards and a marina. The uneven distribution of APPs levels among the sediment samples were probably due to the presence of diffuse sources (fishing harbors) associated to "hotspots" (boatyards and marina) along the study area. Additionally, data of settling experiment indicate that size, shape and density of APPs, combined to local hydrodynamics, appears to contribute to the mobility of these residues within the estuary. In the main channel of PLE, smaller particles tend to be transported to adjacent coastal zone while particles tend to be deposited in the sediment surface of sheltered areas. Since different trace metals, and booster biocides were detected in APPs that were not correctly disposed, these particles can be considered as an important source of contamination to aquatic environments. The present data suggest that APPs represent an environmental problem for aquatic systems in Brazil, since the country lacks legislation in addition to inefficient control mechanisms. An improvement in boat maintenance processes are urgently needed to avoid this continuous release of APPs into the aquatic systems. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.CNPqFINEPUniv Fed Rio Grande FURG, Inst Oceanog, Av Italia S-N,Campus Carreiros,CP 474, BR-96201900 Rio Grande, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Ciencias Mar, R Carvalho de Mendonca 144, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Santa Maria, Dept Quim, Av Roraima 1000, BR-97105900 Santa Maria, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Ciencias Mar, R Carvalho de Mendonca 144, Santos, SP, BrazilCNPq: 481267/2013-1CNPq: PQ306486/2015-6CNPq: PQ 308079/2015-9CNPq: PQ 312341/2013-0FINEP: 01.11.0038.0FINEP: 01.14.0141.00Web of Scienc