DC Cancellation As a Method of Generating a t^2 Response and of Solving the Radial Nonobservability Problem in a Concentric Free-Falling Two-Sphere Equivalence-Principle Experiment in a Drag-Free Satellite

This paper solves two major problems which have blocked a free-fall Equivalence-Principle (EP) in a satellite for 25 years: a semimajor-axis error between the two proof masses cannot be distinguished from an EP violation and the response to an EP violation only grows as t not t^2. Using the cancellation method described in this paper, the nonobservability problem can be suppressed and a t^2 response can be generated which lasts between 10^4 and 10^6 seconds depending on the cancellation accuracy. t^2 response times between 10^5 and 10^6 seconds are equivalent to a very tall (0.1 to 10 AU) drop tower with a constant gravitational field of 3/7 ge.Comment: 40 pages, 7 figures, Revision 3.0: Reviewer's suggested corrections for journal submissio

Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders

Following approval of the ICD-11 by the World Health Assembly in May 2019, World Health Organization (WHO) member states will transition from the ICD-10 to the ICD-11, with reporting of health statistics based on the new system to begin on January 1, 2022. The WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse will publish Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (CDDG) for ICD-11 Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders following ICD-11's approval. The development of the ICD-11 CDDG over the past decade, based on the principles of clinical utility and global applicability, has been the most broadly international, multilingual, multidisciplinary and participative revision process ever implemented for a classification of mental disorders. Innovations in the ICD-11 include the provision of consistent and systematically characterized information, the adoption of a lifespan approach, and culture-related guidance for each disorder. Dimensional approaches have been incorporated into the classification, particularly for personality disorders and primary psychotic disorders, in ways that are consistent with current evidence, are more compatible with recovery-based approaches, eliminate artificial comorbidity, and more effectively capture changes over time. Here we describe major changes to the structure of the ICD-11 classification of mental disorders as compared to the ICD-10, and the development of two new ICD-11 chapters relevant to mental health practice. We illustrate a set of new categories that have been added to the ICD-11 and present the rationale for their inclusion. Finally, we provide a description of the important changes that have been made in each ICD-11 disorder grouping. This information is intended to be useful for both clinicians and researchers in orienting themselves to the ICD-11 and in preparing for implementation in their own professional contexts

Maternal influence on eggshell maculation: implications for cryptic camouflaged eggs

Published online: 20 August 2015. Abstract in English and GermanEgg camouflage may explain the adaptive significance of avian eggshell pigmentation in ground-nesting species. Eggshell maculation (spots) is predominantly due to protoporphyrin, but both biliverdin (antioxidant) and protoporphyrin (pro-oxidant) may be present in spotted eggshells. Because of their role in oxidative stress, the deposition of eggshell pigments might be condition-dependent. However, because of the fitness benefits of eggshell coloration, cryptic eggshell appearance should be strongly conserved in ground-nesting species regardless of female condition and eggshell pigment concentrations. We investigated whether Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) maintained eggshell maculation under food restriction. We quantified eggshell maculation (i.e., percentage of spot coverage) using digital photography, and both protoporphyrin and biliverdin concentrations of eggs laid by females either on a food-restricted or an ad libitum diet. Females on a high quality diet, which are known to decrease the deposition of eggshell protoporphyrin, decreased eggshell maculation compared with food-restricted females that maintained it. For the first time, we propose an experimental study which suggests that eggshell maculation depends on female body condition and that manipulating eggshell maculation may be the strategy used by females to potentially optimize egg camouflage. = Die Tarnung von Eiern könnte die adaptive Bedeutung der Pigmentierung der Eierschale bodenbrütender Vögel erklären. Die Befleckung der Eierschale ist hauptsächlich auf Protoporphyrin zurückzuführen, aber sowohl Biliverdin (ein Antioxidant) als auch Protoporphyrin (ein Prooxidant) können in gefleckten Eierschalen enthalten sein. Aufgrund der Rolle von Eierschalenpigmenten bei oxidativem Stress könnte ihre Einlagerung in die Eierschale konditionsabhängig sein. Aufgrund der Fitnessvorteile einer Färbung der Eierschale sollte ein kryptisches Aussehen der Eier bei Bodenbrütern jedoch hochkonserviert sein, unabhängig von der Kondition der Weibchen und der Konzentration der Eierschalenpigmente. Wir haben untersucht, ob Japanwachteln (Coturnix coturnix japonica) die Befleckung ihrer Eierschale bei Futterknappheit beibehielten. Wir haben die Eierschalenbefleckung (d.h. den Anteil der Abdeckung mit Flecken) mit Hilfe digitaler Fotografie quantifiziert sowie die Protoporphyrin- und Biliverdin-Konzentrationen der Eier von Weibchen ermittelt, die entweder eingeschränkt oder ad libitum Futter erhielten. Weibchen mit hochwertiger Kost, die bekannterweise die Einlagerung von Protoporphyrin in die Eierschale reduzieren, reduzierten die Befleckung der Eierschale im Vergleich zu Weibchen mit eingeschränkter Kost, welche sie beibehielten. Zum ersten Mal liefern wir eine experimentelle Studie ab, die darauf hindeutet, dass die Befleckung der Eierschale von der Kondition des Weibchens abhängt und dass Weibchen die Befleckung der Eierschale beeinflussen könnten, als Strategie, um die Tarnung der Eier potenziell zu optimieren.Camille Duval, Phillip Cassey, P. George Lovell, Ivan Mikšík, S. James Reynolds, Karen A. Spence