Interakcje w procesie socjalizacji rodzajowej dzieci w przedszkolu

In the socialization process, a child learns social interactions, interpersonal relations and coexistence in the group, social standards and standards of conduct. Additionally, children develop their personality and character. One of the most essential part of the socialization process is the preparation to fulfill male and female roles. Preschool significantly affects the formation of gender roles. This research involves interactions between preschoolers and their teachers. Furthermore, it deals with the influence of the interactions on the development of child’s social-cultural gender.W procesie socjalizacji dziecko uczy się podstaw interakcji społecznych, życia i funkcjonowania w grupie, poznaje społeczne normy postępowania i zachowania, kształtuje swoją osobowość i cechy charakteru. Jednym z najważniejszych zakresów tego rozwoju jest przygotowanie do pełnienia ról kobiety i mężczyzny. W procesie socjalizacji dzieci w zakresie kształtowania ról rodzajowych istotną rolę odgrywa przedszkole. Opisane badania dotyczą interakcji między nauczycielkami a wychowankami w przedszkolu oraz ich wpływu na kształtowanie płci społeczno-kulturowej (rodzaju) dzieci

Biomass, abundance and sensitivity to antibiotics and antimycotics of the fungi in the Vistula River with its main tributaries

Mycoplankton of Vistula River and its main tributaries biomass as well as the number and morphotype diversity was studied in summer and autumn 2011. Summer mycoplankton biomass was within the range of 0.2 – 0.5 μg/l, while in the autumn it was two times wider range (0.1 – 1.3μg/l). The number of fungi in river water most often did not exceed 1000 – 2000 CFU/ml. Fungi colonies isolated from rivers water were sensitive to the commonly used amphotericine B (10 μg) and gentamicin (10 μg). It seems to be plausible that aquatic fungi can acquire immunity to drugs as a result of horizontal transfer of a gene responsible for drug resistance or as an effect of antibiotics and antimycotics getting into the aquatic ecosystems from wastewaters

Beyond the water column: aquatic hyphomycetes outside their preferred habitat

Aquatic hyphomycetes have adapted to running waters by their uncommon conidial shape, which facilitates dispersal as well as adherence to plant substrata. However, they have been early and regularly reported to occur in a variety of environments other than their preferred habitat (e.g., in lentic freshwaters, brackish and marine environments, in terrestrial niches such as stream banks, dew, canopy waters and tree holes). In addition, several aquatic hyphomycetes have adapted to a mutualistic lifestyle which may involve plant defence, as endophytes in leaves, gymnosperm needles, orchids and terrestrial roots. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that aquatic hyphomycetes survive under terrestrial conditions due to their sexual states. Although exhibiting higher diversity in pristine streams, aquatic hyphomycetes can survive environmental stress, e.g., pollution or river intermittency. They also inhabit ground and hyporheic waters, where they appear to be subjected to both physical and physiological selection. Appropriate methods including molecular ones should provide a more comprehensive view of the occurrence and ecological roles of aquatic hyphomycetes outside their preferred habitat

A pedagogical approach to children’s socialization

This paper describes a theoretical considerations of children’s socialization and provides a pedagogical perspective. It presents functions, mechanisms and models of socialization and it indicates the differences between socialization and parenting

Growth and metabolism of Chlorella vulgaris under the influence of manganese and iron

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku – kontynuacja, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy BIBL/SP/0040/2023/01.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manganese(II) and iron (III) on the growth and basic metabolic processes of the unicellular alga Chlorella vulgaris. To this end, alga cultures were treated with ions of iron(III) and manganese(II) at concentrations 0.1, 0.5, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg L-1 and then analyzed in terms of changes in the number of cells, content of monosaccharides, proteins, chlorophyll and the activity of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase. The development of C. vulgaris was influenced more by manganese(II) than iron(III). The largest increase in the number of cells and concentrations of the studied biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity was induced by 20 mg L-1 manganese(II). The experiment also showed that an appropriate amount of iron (III) helped control the level of manganese(II) thanks to the co-precipitation of metals, and so could help in tackling the worldwide problem of eutrophication. In the case of introduction of 50 mg L-1 of both iron(III) and manganese(II), the number of C. vulgaris cells decreased, and thus the concentration of the biochemical parameters in water. The results of these experimental studies well collaborate with a study conducted earlier of surface water, which showed the existence of a strong correlation between the concentration of manganese in the water and algal biomass, whose determinant is chlorophyll a.A. Pietryczuk: [email protected]. Cudowski - University of Bialystok, Institute of Biology, Department of HydrobiologyA. Pietryczuk - University of Bialystok, Institute of Biology, Department of HydrobiologyAbadia J, Morales F, Abadia A (1999) Photosystem II efficiency in low chlorophyll, iron-deficient leaves. Plant and Soil doi: 10.1023/ A:1004451728237Abd El-Razek UA, Dorgham EA, Morsy SM (2013) Effect of certain mieronutrients on some agronomie characters, chemical constituents and Alternaria leaf spot disease of Faba Bean. Asian J Crop Sci doi: 10.3923/ ajcs.2013.426.435Allen MD, Kropat J, Tottey S, DeI Campo JA, Merchant SS (2007) Manganese deficiency in Chlamydomonas results in lass of photosystem II and Mn SOD function, sensitivity to peroxides, and secondary phosphorus and iron deficiency. Plant Physiol 143: 263-277Arya SK, Roy BK (2011) Manganese induced changes in growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidants activity in seedlings of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). J Environ Bio132: 707-711Bajguz A, Asami T (2004) Effects of brassinazole, an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, on light- and dark-grown Chlorella vulgaris. Planta doi: 10.1007/s00425-003-1170-9Beauchamp C, Fridovieh I (1971) SOD improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8Chen M, Tang H, Ma H, Holland TC, Ng KYS, Salley SO (2010) Effect of nutrients on growth and lipid accumulation in the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Bioresource Technology doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.201O.09.062Chunhui C, Shichun S, Xuekui W, Wenling L, Ying L (2011) Effects of manganese on the growth, photosystem II and SOD activity of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. J Appl Phycol doi: 10.1007/s10811-010-9637-0Concas A, Steriti A, Pisu M, Cao G (2014) Comprehensive modeling and investigation of the effect of iron on the growth rate and lipid accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris cultured in batch Photobioreactors. Bioresource Technology doi:10. 1016/j.biortech.2013.11.085Cudowski A (2015) Dissolved reactive manganese as a new index determining the trophie status of limnie waters. Ecol Indicat doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.035Cudowski A, Górniak A (2008) Manganese fraction in waters of polyhumic Siemianówka dam Reservoir. Pol J Environ Stud 17(5): 713-719Doganlar ZB, Cakmak S, Yanik T (2012) Metal uptake and physiological changes in Lemna gibba exposed to manganese and nickel. Int J BioI 4(3): 148-157Ferroni L, Baldisserotto C, Fasula MP, Pagnoni A, Pancaldi S (2004) Adaptive modifications of the photosynthetic apparatus In Euglena gracilis Klebs exposed to manganese excess. Protoplasma doi: 10.1007/s00709-004-0072-4Foyer, C.H. & Halliwel, B. (1976). The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplast: a proposed role in ascorbie acid metabolism. Planta 133: 21-25Fraústo da Silva JJR, Williams RJP (1991) The biological chemistry of the elements: the inorganic chemistry of life. Oxford University Press, New YorkGangwar S, Singh VP, Prasad SM, Maurya JN (2010) Modulation of manganese taxicity in Pisum sativum L. seedlings by kinetin. Sci Horticulturae 126: 467-474Goto N, Kawamura T, Mitamura O, Terai H (1999) Importance of extracellular organic carbon production in the total primary production by tidal-flat diatoms in comparison to phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Pog Ser doi: 10.3354/meps190289Górniak A, Cudowski A (2006) Effects of Narew River damming in the Siemianówka Reservoir on manganese forms in river water. Pol J Environ Stud 15:457-461Grabowska M (2012) The role of eutrophic lowland reservoir in shaping the composition of river phytoplankton. Ecohydrol Hydrobiol doi: 10.2478/v10104-012-0016-0Graham JW, Cooper SC (1959) Biological origin of manganese-rich deposits on the sea floor. Nature 183: 1050-1051Hauck M, Spribille T (2002) The Mn/Ca and Mn/Mg ratios in bark as possible causes for the occurrence of Lobarion lichens on conifers in the dripzone of Populus in Western North America. Lichenologist doi: 10.1006/lich.2002.0421Imai I, Ymagauchi M, Hori Y (2006) Eutrophication and occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Plankton Benthos Resources 1(2), 71-84Jabeen N, Ahmad R (2011) Effect of foliar-applied baron and manganese on growth and biochemical activities in sunflower under saline conditions. Pak J Bot 43(2): 1271-1282JinShui Y, Jing C, GuanLan X, HongLi Y (2015) Lipid production combined with biosorption and bioaccumulation of cadmium, copper, manganese and zinc by oleaginous microalgae Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341 Bioresour Technol doi:10.1016/fbiortech.2014.10.124Jucoski GO, Cambraia J, Ribeiro C, Oliveira JA, Paula SO, Oliva MA (2013) Impact of iron toxicity on oxidative metabolism in young L. plants. Acta Physiol Plant doi: 10.1007/s11738-012-1207-4Kawano T (2003) Roles of the reactive oxygen species-generating peroxidase reactions in plant defense and growth induction. Plant Cell Rep doi: 10.1007/s00299-003-0591-zLi Q, Chen LS, Jiang HX, Tang N, Yang LT, Lin ZH, Li Y, Yang GH (2010) Effects of manganese-excess on CO2 assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, carbohydrates and photosynthetic electron transport of leaves, and antioxidant systems of leaves and roots in Citrus grandis seedlings. BMC Plant Biology doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-42.Liu ZY, Wang GC, Zhou BC (2008) Effect of iron on growth and lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresour Technol 99, 4717-4722Lizieri C, Aguiar R, Kuki KN (2011) Manganese accumulation and its effects on three tropical aquatic macrophytes: Azalia caroliniana, Salvinia minima and Spirodela polyrhiza. Rodriguesia 62(4): 909-917Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265-275Lukae M, Aegerter R (1993) Influence of trace metais on growth and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa [Jl. Toxicon doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90147-BMorgan MJ, Lehmann M, Schwarzländer M, Baxter CJ, Sienkiewicz-Porzucek A, Williams TCR, Schauer N, Fernie AR, Fricker MD, Ratcliffe RG, Sweetlove LJ, Finkemeier I (2008) Decrease in manganese superoxide dismutase leads to reduced root growth and affects tricarboxylic acid cycle flux and mitochondrial redox homeostasis. Plant Physiol doi: 10.1104/pp.107.113613Mousavi SR, Shahsavari M, Rezaei M (2011) A general overview on manganese (Mn) importance for crops production. Australian J Basic Appl Sci 5(9):1799-1803Nusrat J, Rafiq A (2011) Effect of foliar-applied Boron and manganese on growth and biochemical activities in sunflower under saline conditions. Pak J Bot 43(2):1271-1282Peers G, Price NM (2004) A role for manganese in superoxide dismutases and growth of iron-deficient diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr 49(5), 1774-1783Pietryczuk A, Biziewska I, Imierska M, Czerpak R (2014) Influence of traumatic acid on growth and metabolism of Chlorella vulgaris under conditions of salt stress. Plant Growth Regul doi: 10.1007/s10725-013-9872-xPirson A, Lorenzen H (1966) Synchronized dividing algae. Ann Rew Plant Physiol 17: 439-458Pourgholam M, Nemati N, Oveysi M (2013) Effect of zinc and iron under the influence of drought on prolin, protein and nitrogen leaf of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Ann Biol Res 4(7): 200-203Pramod M, Deepali K, Arjun B (2014) Influence of Manganese and Zinc on Biochemical Profiles of Selected AIgal Species: A Laboratory Study.Bioremediation Journal doi: 10.1080/10889868.2014.889072Ramírez L, Bartoli CG, Lamattina L (2013) Glutathione and ascorbic acid protect Arabidopsis plants against detrimental effects of iron deficiency. J Exp Bot doi:10.1093/jxb/ert153Rousch JM, Sommerfeld MR (1999) Effect of manganese and nickel on growth of selected algae in pH buffered medium. Water Research 33(10): 2448-2454Ruangsomboon S (2012) Effect of light, nutrient, cultivation time and salinity on lipid production of newly isolated strain of the green microalga, Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2. Bioresour Technol 109, 261-265Ruangsomboon S, Ganmanee M, Choochote S (2013) Effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron concentrations and salinity on lipid production in newly isolated strain of the tropical green microalga, Scenedesmus dimorphus KMITL. J Appl Phycol 25, 867-874Russo MA, Giannetto S, Belligno A (2010) Influence of different nitrate and iron availabilities on phosphoenolpiruvate carboxilase and malate dehydrogenase in roots of maiz e (Zea mays L.) plants. Emir J Food Agric 22 (3): 162-173Sajedi N, Madani H, Naderi A (2011) Effect of microelements and selenium on superoxide dismutase enzyme, malondialdehyde activity and grain yield maize (Zea mays I.) under water deficit stress. Not Bot Horti Agrobo 39(2): 153-159Selman M, Greenhalgh S, Diaz R, Sugg Z (2008) Eutrophication and hypoxia in coastal areas: A global assessment of the state of knowledge. WRI Policy Note 1: 1-6Somogyi M (1954) Notes on sugar determination. J Biol Chem 195: 19-23Silveira VC, Oliveira AP, Sperotto RA, Espindola LS, Amaral L, Dias JF, Cunha JB, Fett JP, (2007) Influence of iron on mineral status of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Braz J Plant Physiol 19(2): 127-139Utkilen H, Gjølme N (1995) Iron-stimulated toxin production in Microcystis aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microb 61: 797-800Van Goor BJ, Wiersma D (1976) Chemical forms of manganese and zinc in phloem exudates. Physiol Plantarum 36: 213-216Wellburn AR (1994) The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Physiol 144: 307-313Xing W, Huang W, Liu G (2010) Effect of excess iron and copper on physiology of aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid Environ Toxicol doi: 10.1002/tox.20480Zaharieva TB, Abadia J (2003) Iron deficiency enhances the levels of ascorbate, glutathione, and related enzymes in sugar beet roots. Protoplasma 221(3-4):269-275749

Bacterial contamination in the waters of two lake and river systems in NE Poland in relation to the physicochemical properties of water

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku – kontynuacja, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy BIBL/SP/0040/2023/01.Determination of the sanitary-epidemiological status of waters used for tourism purposes is very important, hence the aim of this research was to determine the sanitary status of various types of surface water used for recreation. The research area included 18 stand s on the Ostróda-Elbląg Canal and 25 on the Augustów Canal. Water samples were taken during the summer period in 2017-2018. Microbiological analyses were performed in accordance with PN-EN ISO standards and included determining the total abundance of such bacteria as E. coli, coliforms, fecal enterococci and P. aeruginosa. In addition, basic physicochemical analyses of water were performed according to standard methods. The presence of indicator bacteria in the water indicates their fecal contamination and possible epidemiological threat. The general average abundance of bacteria for the waters of the Augustów Canal was 1,628,000±784,000 CFU /mL, while for the Ostróda-Elbląg Canal 2,242,800±964,300 CFU /mL. The abundance of E. coli bacteria in the waters ranged from O CFU / 100mL to 6400 CFU/100mL, coliforms from O CFU/100mL to 7,200 CFU/ 100mL, fecal enterococci from O to 5,800 CFU /100mL. The maximum values of these indicators were recorded in lakes. The P. aeruginosa bacteria were isolated only from waters from an artificial section of the river-lake systems, and their abundance fluctuated in the 120-860 CFU /100mL range. Statistical analyses have shown that the abundance of indicator bacteria depends on some physicochemical parameters of water, such as: EC, pH, temperature, total carbon concentration, total nitrogen concentration. Summing up, it can be concluded that the highest values of the abundance of indicator bacteria occurred in lakes. The river sections were characterized by higher values of an abundance of coliforms and E. coli bacteria and the total abundance of bacteria compared to canal waters, which indicates a fresh inflow of pollutants to the tested systems. In tum, the canal sections were the only habitat of P. aeruginosa.A. Cudowski: [email protected]. Pietryczuk - Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of BialystokA. Cudowski - Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of BialystokAdewoye, S. O. (2010) Effects of detergent effluent discharges on the aspect of water quality of ASA River, Ilorin, Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(4):731-36.Anderson, K.L., Whitlock, J.E., Harwood, V.J. (2005) Persistence and Differential Survival of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Subtropical Waters and Sediments. Appl. Environ. Microb., 71(6): 3041-48.Augustynowicz, J., Nierebiński, M., Zawada, M., Zielonka D., Russel, S. (2015) The impact of basic physicochemical parameters on microbiological water quality on a selected section of the Vistula. Woda - Środowisko - Obszary Wiejskie, 15(1): 5-15 (in Polish).Barakat, A, Baghdadi, M.E., Meddah R., Rais, J., Nadem S., Afdali, M. (2013) Evaluation of water quality in open channels flowing through Beni-Mellal City (Morocco). Journal of Water and Land Development, 19: 3-11.Biedka, P., Wawrentowicz, D. (2011) The role of tributaries in shaping the quality of the lakes of the Suwałki-Augustów Lake District. Inżynieria Ekologiczna, 26: 7-17 (in Polish).Boehm, A.B., Sassoubre, L.M. Enterococci as Indicators of environmental fecal contamination. [In:] Gilmore, M.S., Clewell, D.B., Ike, Y., et al., (eds.) Enterococci: From commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection [Internet]. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 2014: pp. 1-21.Briée, C., Moreira, D., López-Garcia, P. (2007) Archaeal and bacterial community composition of sediment and plankton from a suboxic freshwater pond. Res. Microb., 158(3): 213-27.Bradshaw, J.K, Snyder, B.J., Oladeinde, A. Spidle, D., Berrang, M. E., Meinersmann, R. J, Oakley, B., Sidle, R C., Sullivan, K., Molina, M. (2016) Characterizing relationships among fecal indicator bacteria, microbial source tracking markers, and associated waterborne pathogen occurrence in stream water and sediments in a mixed land use watershed. Water Res., 101: 498-509.Byappanahalli, M.N., Nevers, M.B., Korajkic A., Staley, Z.R., Harwood V.J. (2012) Enterococci in the Environment. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 76(4): 685-706.Cabral, J. P. S. (2010) Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7: 3657-703.Chomutowska, H. (2009) The influence of selected physicochemical factors on the Rospuda river's bacterioplankton. Ochrona środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 40: 513-523 (in Polish).Fogarty, L.R, Haack, S.K., Wolcott, M.J., Whitman, R.L. (2003) Abundance and characteristics of the recreational water quality indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci in gull faeces. J. Appl. Microb., 93(5): 865-878.Furgała-Selezniow, G., Turkowski, K., Nowak, A., Skrzypczak, A., Mamcarz, A. (2006) The Ostroda-Elblag Canal in Poland: The Past and Future for Water Tourism. [In:] Hall, C.M., Härkönen T. (eds) Lake Tourism. An integrated approach to lacustrine tourism system, Chris Cooper (University of Queensland, Australia), 2006: pp. 131-148.Hijosa-Valsero, M., Bécares, E., Fernandez-Aláez, C., Fernandez-Aláez, M., Mayo, R., Jiménez, J.J. (2016) Chemical pollution in inland shallow lakes in the Mediterranean region (NW Spain): PAHs, insecticides and herbicides in water and sediments. Scienc. Total Environ., 544: 797-810.Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A., Wiśniewski, R. J. (1996) The functioning of river - lake systems in the post-Iake landscape: the Krutynia River (Mazury Lake District). Zeszyty Naukowe Komitetu "Człowiek i Środowisko", 13: 1-461. (in Polish).Hoyer, M.V., Donze, J.L., Schulz, E.J, Willis, D.J., Canfield, D.E. (2006) Total coliform and Escherichia coli Counts in 99 Florida Lakes with Relations to Some Common Limnological Factors. Lake and Reservoir Management, 22(2):141-50.Ihejirika, C.E., Ogbulie, J.N., Nwabueze, R.N., Orji, J.C., Ihejirika, O.C., Adieze, I.E., Azubike, O.c., Ibe I.J. (2011) Seasonal influences on the distribution of bacterial pathogens and waterborne diseases transmission potentials of Imo river, Nigeria. J. Res. Biol., 1 (3): 163-72.Kundzewicz, Z. W., Zalewski, M., Kędziora, A., PierzgaIski, E. (2010) Risks associated with water. Nauka, 4: 87-96 (in Polish).Layton, B.A., Walters, S.P., Lam, L.H., Boehm, AB. (2010) Enterococcus species distribution among human and animaI hosts using multiplex PCR J. Appl. Microbiol., 109(2): 539-74.Marcheggiani, S., D'Ugo, E., Puccinelli, C., Giuseppetti, R., D'Angelo, A.M., Gualerzi, C.O., Spurio, R., Medlin, L.K., Guillebault, D., Weigel, W., Helmi, K., Mancini, L. (2015) Detection of emerging and re-emerging pathogens in surface waters close to an urban area. Int. J. Environ. Res. and Public Health, 12 (5):5505-27.McLellan, S.L., Hollis E.J., Depas M.M., Van Dyke, M., Harris, J., Scopel, C.O. (2007) Distribution and fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan following contamination with urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 33(3): 566-80.Mena, K.D., Gerba, Ch.P. (2009) Risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Rev. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 201:71-115.Newton, R.J., Stuart, E.J, Eiler, A., McMahon, K. D., Bertisson, S. (2011) A guide to the naturaI history of freshwater lake bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 75:14-49.Niewolak, S., Opieka, A. (2000) Potentially pathogenic microorganisms in water and bottom sediments in the Czarna Hańcza River. Pol. J.Environ.5tud., 9 (3):183-94.Sampson, R.W., Swiatnicki, S.A., Osinga, V.L., Supita, J.L., McDermott, C.M., Kleinheinz, G.T. (2006) Effects of temperature and sand on E. coil survival in a northern lake water microcosm. Journal of Water and Health, 4(3): 389-93.Siuda, W., Chrust, R. J. (2002) Oecomposition and utilization of particulate organic matter by bacteria in lakes of different trophic status. Pol. J. Environ. Stud, 11: 53-65.Starliper, C.E., Watten, B.J., Iwanowicz, D.D., Green, P.A., Bassett, N.L, Adams, C.R. (2015) Efficacy of pH elevation as a bactericidal strategy for treating ballast water of freight carriers. J. Advanc. Res., 6: 501-509.Suchowolec, T., Górniak, A. (2006) Seasonality of water quality in small retention reservoirs in the Podlasie agricultural landscape. Woda - Środowisko - Obszary Wiejskie, 6(2): 347-58 (in Polish).Vignesh, S., Muthukumar, K., Santhosh Gokul, M., James, R.A. (2013) Microbial pollution indicators in the Cauvery River, Southern India. [In:] On a sustainable future of the earth's natural resources. Springer Earth System Sciences, 20:364-76.Wetzel, R. G. Bacterioplankton. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press, 2001: pp. 489-525.Zehr, J.Z., Ward, B.B. (2002) Nitrogen cycling in the ocean: New perspectives on processes and paradigms. Appl. Environ. Microb., 68(3): 1015-24.213

Effect of Humic Acid on the Growth and Metabolism of Candida albicans Isolated from Surface Waters in North-Eastern Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of humic acid on the growth and metabolism of Candida albicans, a common waterborne pathogenic yeast. At 10–20 mg/L, humic acid caused the greatest increase in biomass and compactness of proteins and monosaccharides, both in cells and in extracellular secretion of the yeast. At higher humic acid concentrations (40–80 mg/L), C. albicans cells still had higher protein levels compared to control, but showed reduced levels of metabolites and inhibited growth, and a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, indicating a toxic effect of the humic acid. The increase in protein content in the cells of C. albicans combined with an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes may indicate that the studied yeast excels in conditions of high water enrichment with low availability of organic matter. This indicates that Candida albicans is capable of breaking down organic matter that other microorganisms cannot cope with, and for this reason, this yeast uses carbon sources that are not available to other microorganisms. This indicates that this fungus plays an important role in the organic carbon sphere to higher trophic levels, and is common in water polluted with organic matter

Biomasa, liczebność i wrażliwość na antybiotyki i antymykotyki grzybów w Wiśle i jej głównych dopływach

Mycoplankton of Vistula River and its main tributaries biomass as well as the number and morphotype diversity was studied in summer and autumn 2011. Summer mycoplankton biomass was within the range of 0.2 – 0.5 μg/l, while in the autumn it was two times wider range (0.1 – 1.3 μg/l). The number of fungi in river water most often did not exceed 1000 – 2000 CFU/ml. Fungi colonies isolated from rivers water were sensitive to the commonly used amphotericine B (10 μg) and gentamicin (10 μg). It seems to be plausible that aquatic fungi can acquire immunity to drugs as a result of horizontal transfer of a gene responsible for drug resistance or as an effect of antibiotics and antimycotics getting into the aquatic ecosystems from wastewaters.Latem i jesienią 2011 roku określono biomasę oraz różnorodność morfotypów mykoplanktonu w wodach powierzchniowych Wisły i jej głównych dopływów. Letnia biomasa mykoplanktonu mieściła się w zakresie 0,2 – 0,5 μg/L , zaś jesienią w przedziale 0,1 – 1,3 μg/L. Liczebność grzybów w wodach rzecznych najczęściej nie przekraczała 1000-2000 CFU/mL. Próbki wody charakteryzowały się obecnością grzybów wrażliwych na powszechnie stosowany mikotyk amfoterycynę B (10 μg) i antybiotyk gentamycynę (10 μg). Wydaję się prawdopodobne, że grzyby wodne mogą nabywać oporność na leki, w wyniku horyzontalnego transferu genu odpowiedzialnego za lekooporność od innych mikroorganizmów lub wskutek dostawania się antybiotyków i antymikotyków ze ściekami do ekosystemów wodnych