2,757 research outputs found

    Le cinéma et les automates. Inquiétante étrangeté, distraction et arts machiniques

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    Plusieurs auteurs, abordant le problème de l’ontologie du cinéma, ont construit des analogies entre le cinéma et des créatures fantastiques (la momie, le fantôme, le vampire, la créature de Frankenstein). L’hypothèse proposée dans cet article est celle d’une analogie entre ces deux arts machiniques, à la fois techniques et esthétiques, que sont les automates mécaniques et le cinématographe, afin de questionner le topos du « cinéma, art du mouvement et de la vie ». Ce questionnement conduit l’auteur à aborder le concept de l’« inquiétante étrangeté » de Freud et l’épistémè de ce que Villiers de L’Isle-Adam appelait le « positivisme énigmatique ». L’auteur établit également un lien entre le cinéma pensé comme automate et le problème esthétique de la « distraction », traité à la fois par Henri Bergson dans Le rire et Walter Benjamin dans son article « L’oeuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique ». À la lecture de ces deux auteurs, il appert qu’excès et absence de distraction forment les deux bornes fixées par la perception moderne. Le sujet de la modernité est clivé, partagé entre conscience et inconscience, entre liberté et automatisme — et ce sujet est aussi le sujet spectatoriel du cinéma. Par ailleurs, l’automate permet de comprendre en quoi le romantisme fantastique peut être l’épistémè du cinématographe. Le cinéma, comme l’automate, est le lieu d’un balancement, d’une incertitude. Aussi, l’automate sera-t-il au centre d’une définition possible de la modernité. Quant à l’image mouvante, elle traduirait, selon Benjamin, comment la modernité fut marquée par l’avènement d’une perception nouvelle.Several authors, in their discussions of the problem of the ontology of the cinema, have drawn analogies between the cinema and fantastic creatures (mummies, ghosts, vampires, Frankenstein’s creature). The hypothesis of the present article is that an analogy can be drawn between the two mechanical arts the automaton and the cinematograph, arts which are both technological and aesthetic, as a way of examining the topos “cinema, art of movement and life.” This analysis leads the author to address Freud’s concept of the “uncanny” and the episteme of what Villiers de L’Isle-Adam called “enigmatic positivism.” The author also establishes a link between the cinema, seen as an automaton, and the aesthetic problem of “distraction” as discussed both by Henri Bergson in Laughter and Walter Benjamin in his article “The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility.” Reading these texts, it appears that an excess and an absence of distraction form the two boundaries fixed by modern perception. The subject of modernity is cleaved, divided between the conscious and the unconscious, between freedom and automatism—and this subject is also the spectatorial subject of the cinema. In addition, the automaton enables us to see how fantastic Romanticism may be the episteme of the cinematograph. The cinema, like the automaton, is the site of a balancing, of uncertainty. The automaton may also be at the centre of a possible definition of modernity, in the same way that the moving image, for Benjamin, conveys the emergence of the new forms of perception associated with it

    Comparative effectiveness of cardioprotective drugs in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes.

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    Aims: Although many elderly individuals suffer from type 2 diabetes, the effectiveness of cardioprotective drugs in primary prevention of cardiovascular events in clinical practice in this population has rarely been evaluated. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of, (i) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, (ii) statins, (iii) antiplatelet drugs and (iv) the combination of these three drugs, in the prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Using Quebec administrative databases, we conducted nested case-control analyses among a cohort of 17,384 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease. Individuals were aged ≥ 66 years, newly treated with oral antidiabetes drugs and had not used any of the three above classes of cardioprotective drugs in the year before cohort entry. For each case (MI/stroke during follow-up), five controls were matched for age, year of cohort entry and sex. Use of each drug and of their combination was defined as current, past or no use. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of MI/stroke. Results: We observed no reduction in the MI/stroke risk for users of ACEI/ARB nor for users of the three drugs combination. Longer exposure to statins was associated with a lower risk (AOR for every 30 days of therapy: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.99). By contrast, current use of antiplatelet drugs was associated with an increased risk of MI/stroke (1.40; 1.12–1.75). Conclusion: The benefit of cardioprotective drugs in primary prevention was not clear in this cohort of elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. A short duration of exposure to these drugs might explain the lack of benefit

    Découpage, automates et réception : aspects du cinéma et de ses débuts (1886-1915)

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    Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Thèses et mémoires - FAS - Département de littérature comparée
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