A Case Report of Solitary Sclerosis: This is Really Multiple Sclerosis

<p><b>Article full text</b></p> <p><br></p> <p>The full text of this article can be found here<b>. </b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-017-0082-8">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-017-0082-8</a></p><p></p> <p><br></p> <p><b>Provide enhanced content for this article</b></p> <p><br></p> <p>If you are an author of this publication and would like to provide additional enhanced content for your article then please contact <a href="http://www.medengine.com/Redeem/”mailto:[email protected]”"><b>[email protected]</b></a>.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The journal offers a range of additional features designed to increase visibility and readership. All features will be thoroughly peer reviewed to ensure the content is of the highest scientific standard and all features are marked as ‘peer reviewed’ to ensure readers are aware that the content has been reviewed to the same level as the articles they are being presented alongside. Moreover, all sponsorship and disclosure information is included to provide complete transparency and adherence to good publication practices. This ensures that however the content is reached the reader has a full understanding of its origin. No fees are charged for hosting additional open access content.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Other enhanced features include, but are not limited to:</p> <p><br></p> <p>• Slide decks</p> <p>• Videos and animations</p> <p>• Audio abstracts</p> <p>• Audio slides</p

Evidence of the influence of warmer weather and climate on <i>Rh. sanguineus</i> transmitted rickettsioses in humans.

<p>Evidence of the influence of warmer weather and climate on <i>Rh. sanguineus</i> transmitted rickettsioses in humans.</p

Chorioretinitis with macular involvement in patient 1 with <i>Rickettsia massiliae</i> infection.

<p>Fundus examination shows numerous intraretinal haemorrhages around three white medium-sized lesions including one located near the macula. An important macular oedema was observed in the left eye (Panel A), and a mild inflammation with a white medium-sized retinal lesion was present in the right eye (Panel B). Panel C shows a fluorescein angiography with retinal vascular leakage around hypofluorescent lesions in the right eye. Optical Coherence Tomography showed an important macular oedema on the left eye (panel D) compared to the right eye (panel E). Panel F shows a maculopapular rash still present three weeks after the onset of ophthalmic symptoms. Inoculation eschars were still visible on the trunk (Panel G and H) and on the feet (Panel I).</p

Western blot assay (WB) and cross adsorption studies of 2 patients with severe tick-borne rickettsioses in Nîmes, southern France, 2007.

<p>WB procedures were performed as described elsewhere <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000338#pntd.0000338-Jensenius2" target="_blank">[47]</a> using 20 µl of a 1 mg/ml suspension of rickettsial antigen per lane. The cross-adsorption assay using <i>R. massiliae</i> and <i>R. conorii</i> antigens followed by WB on the resulting supernatant was performed as previously described <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000338#pntd.0000338-Jensenius2" target="_blank">[47]</a>. Columns Rc and Rm depict western blots using <i>R. conorii</i> and <i>R. massiliae</i> antigens, respectively. Molecular weights (MW) are indicated on the left (arrow = 135 kDa). Untreated sera is acute sera tested by WB. For patient 1, when adsorption is performed with <i>R. massiliae</i> antigens (columns AdM), it results in the disappearance of homologous and heterologous antibodies. In contrast, when absorption is performed with <i>R. conorii</i> antigens (columns AdC), only homologous antibodies disappear indicating that antibodies are specific for <i>R. massiliae</i>. For patient 2, when adsorption is performed with <i>R. conorii</i> antigens (columns AdC), it results in the disappearance of homologous and heterologous antibodies. However, when it is performed with <i>R. massiliae</i> antigens (columns AdM), only homologous antibodies disappear indicating that antibodies are specific for <i>R. conorii</i>.</p

Monthly mean temperature (minimal and maximal) averaged from 1971 to 2000 in Nîmes southern France.

<p>The star symbolizes April 2007 which was the warmest April since 1950 when the focus of infection from an attack of <i>Rh. sanguineus</i> ticks was investigated (modified from <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000338#pntd.0000338-Mto1" target="_blank">[26]</a>).</p

Pathogen-free laboratory <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> put on the arm of a human volunteer.

<p>One batch of each stage of 3 experiments was maintained the night before the test at room temperature (25°C), and the other was maintained at 40°C. All ticks were removed after 40 minutes.</p><p>Experiments 1 to 3 were performed using larvae and nymphs, 2 weeks old ticks. Experiment 4 was performed using 2 months old nymphs. ^{a, b, c, d, e} : p<0.05 (Mantel-Haenszel test).</p

Global distribution of spotted fever group rickettsias potentially transmitted by <i>Rh. sanguineus</i>, threatening humans all over the world, including 3 recognized pathogens <i>R. conorii</i>, <i>R. massiliae</i>, <i>R. rickettsii</i> (which is also transmitted by <i>Dermacentor</i> spp, and <i>Amblyomma</i> spp), and <i>R. rhipicephali</i>, a rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity.

<p>Global distribution of spotted fever group rickettsias potentially transmitted by <i>Rh. sanguineus</i>, threatening humans all over the world, including 3 recognized pathogens <i>R. conorii</i>, <i>R. massiliae</i>, <i>R. rickettsii</i> (which is also transmitted by <i>Dermacentor</i> spp, and <i>Amblyomma</i> spp), and <i>R. rhipicephali</i>, a rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity.</p

Entomological survey in the homesites where two patients where infected by <i>Rickettsia conorii</i> and <i>R. massiliae</i>.

<p>Panels A and B show the house and the garden where the patients were bitten by ticks. Panel C shows the collection of ticks by “flagging” or “dragging” a blanket over vegetation (Panel C). Ticks become attached to the blanket and can be removed periodically (Panel D). Panel E shows the garage where a dog used to sleep. Many <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> were found in crevices and cracks in the wall (Panel G and H) and on a blanket (F) and were collected (panel I) for molecular detection of rickettsias.</p

Cognitive and behavioral executive performance expressed as mean z scores (± Standard Deviation (SD), effect size (d), frequency (%) of impairment and odds ratio (OR).

<p>Cognitive and behavioral executive performance expressed as mean z scores (± Standard Deviation (SD), effect size (d), frequency (%) of impairment and odds ratio (OR).</p

The profile (frequency %) of cognitive (left) and behavioral (right) disorders as a function of the stroke subtype.

<p>The profile (frequency %) of cognitive (left) and behavioral (right) disorders as a function of the stroke subtype.</p