Differential vascular dysfunction in response to diets of differing macronutrient composition: a phenomenonological study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vascular dysfunction can develop from consumption of an energy-rich diet, even prior to the onset of obesity. However, the roles played by different dietary components remain uncertain. While attempting to develop models of obesity in a separate study, we observed that two high-energy diets of differing macronutrient compositions affected vascular function differently in overweight rats.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Male Wistar rats (<it>n </it>= 6/group) were fed diets providing varying percentages of energy from fat and carbohydrate (CHO). For 10 weeks, they were fed either chow, as control diet (10% of energy from fat; 63% from CHO), chow supplemented with chocolate biscuit (30% fat; 56% CHO) or a high-fat diet (45% fat; 35% CHO). Blood concentrations of biochemical markers of obesity were measured, and epididymal fat pads weighed as a measure of adiposity. Mesenteric arteries were dissected and their contractile and relaxant properties analysed myographically. Data were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Weight gain and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and leptin were similar in all groups. However, biscuit-fed animals showed increased food intake (+27%; <it>p </it>< 0.01) and elevated concentrations of TGs and NEFAs (+41% and +17%; both <it>p </it>< 0.05). High-fat-fed animals showed an increase only in NEFAs (+38%; <it>p </it>< 0.01). Arterial vasoconstriction in response to NA and KCl increased only in biscuit-fed rats (both <it>p </it>< 0.01), while vasorelaxation in response to CCh and SNP, but not histamine, was attenuated in both groups (both <it>p </it>< 0.01). Furthermore, whereas the effect of the high-fat diet was most pronounced in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, the biscuit diet had the greater effect on endothelium-independent vasorelaxation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Vascular dysfunction resulting from consumption of a high-fat or combined relatively high-fat/high-CHO diet occurs through different physiological processes, which may be attributable to their differing macronutrient compositions. Combining potentially atherogenic macronutrients induces more extensive vascular impairment than that of high-fat alone, and may be attributable to the more marked dyslipidaemia observed with such a diet. Thus, these findings help clarify the role of dietary components in vascular impairment, which has implications for clinical approaches to preventing cardiovascular disease.</p

Diet-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rat is independent of the degree of increase in total body weight

U ovome završnome radu objašnjava se tehničko–tehnološki razvoj i napredak djelovanja oklopne zaštite na borbenim oklopnim vozilima. Uvod rada govori o pojmu zaštite, odnosno o njegovoj pojavi, značenju i prvoj upotrebi. Zatim se uz naslov rada „Povijesni razvoj oklopne zaštite“ veže razvoj oklopne zaštite od prvog tenka do modernih tenkova. U nastavku prikazane su vrste oklopne zaštite te materijali koji su primjenjivani kod istih. Nakon toga se analiziraju Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske i njihova glavna oklopna borbena sredstva: tenk i borbeno vozilo pješaštva, te je predloženo moguće poboljšanje glavnog borbenog tenka M - 84. Na samom kraju je iznesen kratak zaključak ovog rada.This graduation paper explains and clarifies the technical and technological progress and development of armor protection on armored vehicles. The introduction of the paper is focused on the term of protection, its appearance, meaning and its first use. Then, related to the title of the paper "Historical Development of Armor Protection", the development of armored protection from the first tanks to the modern tanks is explained. In continuation, types of armor protection and the materials applied to them are presented. Afterwards, Croatian Armed Forces and their main armored combat equipment are analyzed: the tank and the infantry fighting vehicle. After that, possible improvement of the main battle tank M - 84 is suggested. At the very end of the paper, a brief conclusion of this paper is set out