Judd Ofelt Analysis and Optical Properties of Eu3+^{3 + } Doped Tellurite Glasses

In this work, the structural characteristic and photoluminescence properties of Eu$^{3 + }$ doped B$_{2}$O$_{3}$-TeO$_{2}$ -ZnO-Na$_{2}$O glasses were investigated. These glasses were prepared by a melting method in air, combined with thermal annealing at 350$^{\circ}$C, 450$^{\circ}$C and 550$^{\circ}$C for different duration times. The structural analysis results of these glasses revealed the formation of micro-crystals in the annealed host glass. The photoluminescence spectra of Eu$^{3 + }$ doped in these samples were observed. The local vibration mode around Eu$^{3 + }$ ions was investigated by the phonon side-band (PSB) associated with $^{7}\!F_{0}-^{5}D_{2}$ transition of Eu$^{3+}$. Judd-Ofelt parameters were then evaluated based on photoluminescence spectra and the luminescence intensity ratios of $^{5}D_{0} \to ^{7}\!F_{J}$ ($J=2, 4$ and 6) to $^{5}D_{0} \to ^{7}\!F_{1}$ transition were predicted. The obtained results were then used to calculate $\Omega _{2},\;\Omega _{4},\; \Omega _{6}$ parameters based on Judd-Ofelt theory. These $\Omega _{2}$, $\Omega _{4}$, $\Omega _{6}$ parameters allow to derive radiative properties of Eu$^{3 + }$ ions in glass material such as transition probabilities, radiative lifetimes and peak stimulated emission cross-section for the $^{5}D_{0} \to ^{7}\!F_{J}$ transitions

Judd Ofelt Analysis and Optical Properties of Rare Earth Doped Tellurite Glasses

In this work, the structural characteristic and photoluminescence properties were investigated in Eu$^{3 + }$ ions-doped B$_{2}$O$_{3}$-TeO$_{2}$ --ZnO-Na$_{2}$O glasses. These glasses were prepared by the melting method in air, after that thermal annealed 350\rc{}C, 450\rc{}C and 550\rc{}C for different times. The analysis results of structure on these glasses showed the formation of micro-crystals in host glass after thermal annealed process. The photoluminescence spectra of Eu$^{3 + }$ ions in these samples were observed. The local vibration mode around Eu$^{3 + }$ ions was investigated by the phonon side band associated with $^{7}$F$_{0}$- $^{5}$D$_{2}$ transition of Eu$^{3 + }$. Judd-Ofelt parameters have been evaluated from photoluminescence spectra and were to predict the luminescence intensity ratios of $^{5}$D$_{0} \to ^{7}$F$_{J}$ (J=2, 4 and 6) to $^{5}$D$_{0} \to ^{7}$F$_{1}$ transition. The obtained results have been used for calculating $\Omega_{2}$, $\Omega _{4}$, $\Omega _{6}$ parameters by using Judd-Ofelt theory. These $\Omega _{2}$, $\Omega _{4}$, $\Omega _{6}$ parameters allow to derive radiative properties of Eu$^{3 + }$ ions in glass material such as transition probabilities, radiative lifetimes and peak stimulated emission cross-section for the $^{5}$D$_{0} \to ^{7}$F$_{J}$ transitions

Purification and characterization of novel fibrinolytic proteases as potential antithrombotic agents from earthworm Perionyx excavatus

Six protease fractions, namely FI, FII, FIII-1, FIII-2, FIII-3 and FIV, were isolated from Perionyx excavatus earthworm biomass by acetone precipitation, followed by serial chromatography using anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography. All fractions exhibited strong hydrolytic activity towards casein. The activity of six fractions towards fibrin, determined by fibrin plate assay, ranged from 44 to 831 plasmin unit.mg-1 and ranked as FIII-3 > FIII-2 > FI > FIII-1 > FIV > FII. Casein degradation was optimal at pH 7 and 11, and at 45-60°C. All fractions were considerably stable at high temperature and wide pH range. They were completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The molecular weights (MW) and isoelectric points (pI) determined by 2D-electrophoresis were 27.5-34.5 kDa, and 4.3-5.2, respectively. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was used to deduce the amino acid sequences of some peptides from FIII-1 and FIII-2. The sequences shared 16.9% and 13.2% similarity, respectively, with the fibrinolytic enzymes from two related earthworm species, Lumbricus rubellus and Eisenia fetida. The P. excavatus proteases were classified as serine proteases. They could perform rapid hydrolysis on both coagulated fibrous fibrin and soluble fibrinogen monomers without the presence of activators such as tPA or urokinase

Transcriptome Analyses of a Salt-Tolerant Cytokinin-Deficient Mutant Reveal Differential Regulation of Salt Stress Response by Cytokinin Deficiency

Soil destruction by abiotic environmental conditions, such as high salinity, has resulted in dramatic losses of arable land, giving rise to the need of studying mechanisms of plant adaptation to salt stress aimed at creating salt-tolerant plants. Recently, it has been reported that cytokinins (CKs) regulate plant environmental stress responses through two-component systems. A decrease in endogenous CK levels could enhance salt and drought stress tolerance. Here, we have investigated the global transcriptional change caused by a reduction in endogenous CK content under both normal and salt stress conditions. Ten-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) and CK-deficient ipt1,3,5,7 plants were transferred to agar plates containing either 0 mM (control) or 200 mM NaCl and maintained at normal growth conditions for 24 h. Our experimental design allowed us to compare transcriptome changes under four conditions: WT-200 mM vs. WT-0 mM, ipt1,3,5,7-0 mM vs. WT-0 mM, ipt1,3,5,7-200 mM vs. ipt1,3,5,7-0 mM and ipt1,3,5,7-200 mM vs. WT-200 mM NaCl. Our results indicated that the expression of more than 10% of all of the annotated Arabidopsis genes was altered by CK deficiency under either normal or salt stress conditions when compared to WT. We found that upregulated expression of many genes encoding either regulatory proteins, such as NAC, DREB and ZFHD transcription factors and the calcium sensor SOS3, or functional proteins, such as late embryogenesis-abundant proteins, xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases, glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, defensins and glyoxalase I family proteins, may contribute to improved salt tolerance of CK-deficient plants. We also demonstrated that the downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes and the upregulation of several NAC genes may cause the altered morphological phenotype of CK-deficient plants. This study highlights the impact of CK regulation on the well-known stress-responsive signaling pathways, which regulate plant adaptation to high salinity as well as other environmental stresses

Comparative analysis of root transcriptomes from two contrasting drought-responsive Williams 82 and DT2008 soybean cultivars under normal and dehydration conditions

The economically important DT2008 and the model Williams 82 (W82) soybean cultivars were reported to have differential drought-tolerant degree to dehydration and drought, which was associated with root trait. Here, we used 66K Affymetrix Soybean Array GeneChip to compare the root transcriptomes of DT2008 and W82 seedlings under normal, as well as mild (2h treatment) and severe (10h treatment) dehydration conditions. Out of the 38172 soybean genes annotated with high confidence, 822 (2.15%) and 632 (1.66%) genes showed altered expression by dehydration in W82 and DT2008 roots, respectively, suggesting that a larger machinery is required to be activated in the drought-sensitive W82 cultivar to cope with the stress. We also observed that long-term dehydration period induced expression change of more genes in soybean roots than the short-term one, independently of the genotypes. Furthermore, our data suggest that the higher drought tolerability of DT2008 might be attributed to the higher number of genes induced in DT2008 roots than in W82 roots by early dehydration, and to the expression changes of more genes triggered by short-term dehydration than those by prolonged dehydration in DT2008 roots vs. W82 roots. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that could be predicted to have a known function were further analyzed to gain a basic understanding on how soybean plants respond to dehydration for their survival. The higher drought tolerability of DT2008 vs. W82 might be attributed to differential expression in genes encoding osmoprotectant biosynthesis-, detoxification- or cell wall-related proteins, kinases, transcription factors and phosphatase 2C proteins. This research allowed us to identify genetic components that contribute to the improved drought tolerance of DT2008, as well as provide a useful genetic resource for in-depth functional analyses that ultimately leads to development of soybean cultivars with improved tolerance to drought

VNHSGE: VietNamese High School Graduation Examination Dataset for Large Language Models

The VNHSGE (VietNamese High School Graduation Examination) dataset, developed exclusively for evaluating large language models (LLMs), is introduced in this article. The dataset, which covers nine subjects, was generated from the Vietnamese National High School Graduation Examination and comparable tests. 300 literary essays have been included, and there are over 19,000 multiple-choice questions on a range of topics. The dataset assesses LLMs in multitasking situations such as question answering, text generation, reading comprehension, visual question answering, and more by including both textual data and accompanying images. Using ChatGPT and BingChat, we evaluated LLMs on the VNHSGE dataset and contrasted their performance with that of Vietnamese students to see how well they performed. The results show that ChatGPT and BingChat both perform at a human level in a number of areas, including literature, English, history, geography, and civics education. They still have space to grow, though, especially in the areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. The VNHSGE dataset seeks to provide an adequate benchmark for assessing the abilities of LLMs with its wide-ranging coverage and variety of activities. We intend to promote future developments in the creation of LLMs by making this dataset available to the scientific community, especially in resolving LLMs' limits in disciplines involving mathematics and the natural sciences.Comment: 74 pages, 44 figure