Pembagian Harta Warisan dalam Masyarakat Minangkabau di Kecamatan Medan Area Kelurahan Tegal Sari III Kota Medan

The change in the inheritance law of Minangkabau was identified by the agreement among ninik mamak (clan heads), cerdik pandai (the intellectuals), and generasi muda (the youth) in Bukittinggi in 1952. The agreement was strengthened by the seminar on the Minangkabau Customary Law in Padang in 1968. One of the clause was that joint property inherited by heirs had to comply with Faraid (religious obligation). The out-migrated Minangkabau community creates acculturation which influences their way of perception and thinking. Based on this background, the researcher studied the distribution of inheritance among the out-migrated Minangkabau community The Distribution of inheritance in the Minangkabau community at Kelurahan Tegal Sari III, Medan Area Subdistrict, Medan, is based on the Islamic Law. The factors of compliance and piety will cause customary law to be avoided. The change in heritance law can also accurs because of the factors of necessities of life

<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> complex conservation across Bacteria corresponds to taxonomic boundaries.

<p>The heat map displays fractional conservation of all 285 EcoCyc protein complexes as in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>, though in this case across 894 different bacterial genomes as indicated on the tree at left. See <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#sec011" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for taxonomic details. Specific complex names and species/strain names may be found in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.s005" target="_blank">S5 Fig</a>. Complexes (columns) have been clustered on the basis of the distance between their average fractional conservations (average linkage).</p

Protein complexes are enriched for highly conserved components.

<p>Each point indicates a single genome and the average conservation of its loci or orthologous groups (OGs) as measured by its presence across 898 bacterial genomes. Representative genomes of the 8 species focused on in this study are indicated with vertical lines and the following labels: <i>M</i>. <i>g</i>., <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i>; <i>M</i>. <i>p</i>., <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae; H</i>. <i>p</i>., <i>Helicobacter pylori; S</i>. <i>s</i>., <i>Streptococcus sanguinis; C</i>. <i>c</i>., <i>Caulobacter crescentus; B</i>. <i>s</i>., <i>Bacillus subtilis; E</i>. <i>c</i>., <i>E</i>. <i>coli; P</i>. <i>a</i>., <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. See <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#sec011" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for specific genome identities. Average gene conservation is specified as a percentage. Average gene conservation values are reduced by the fraction of their predicted protein-coding genes not present in eggNOG v.3 to account for genes without predicted orthology. To produce OG conservation instead of locus conservation, all but one locus of a set of potential paralogs (in this case, genes sharing the same OG) was removed prior to calculating averages. A logarithmic regression is fitted to both sets of values. Average OG conservation values are also shown for subsets of protein-coding genes present within protein complexes from <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.ref005" target="_blank">5</a>] and <i>M</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>]. For these two species, values are representative of members in full complexomes while those for other species are predicted complexomes using each of the three data sets as models.</p

Examples of protein complex conservation across bacteria.

<p>Complexes are identified using a common name and an EcoCyc ID. Each complex subunit has been assigned a COG ID. Grey areas indicate OG presence, white areas indicate OG absence, and blue areas indicate essentiality in a species-specific screen (see <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#sec011" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for references). Values within these spaces indicate the presence of potential paralogs in the corresponding species; proteins without specified values have no paralogs. Complex structures are available in PDB: ATP synthase F1, 3OAA; succinate dehydrogenase, 1NEN; Outer membrane protein assembly complex, (2KM7, 3TGO, 3TGO, 4K3C, 2YH3). Species are arranged by their taxonomy (see <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#sec011" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for details) with <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>Mycoplasma</i> serving as the most distant species.</p

Protein complexes are rich in highly-conserved proteins of unknown function.

<p><b>(A)</b> The list of EcoCyc <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> protein complexes was compared on the basis of component presence vs. absence across seven other species in this study. Conserved complexes, in this figure, are those in which at least one orthologous component is present in the target species. Similarly, essential complexes include at least one component found to be essential in both <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and in the target species. <b>(B)</b> As in (A), but within the subset of EcoCyc complexes containing at least one protein of unknown or unclear function. In these instances, the complex itself may have a known function though the roles of its components may remain unclear. <b>(C)</b> Examples of experimentally-observed protein complexes containing proteins of unknown function. <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> complex examples from Hu et al. are shown at left, <i>M</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> complexes from Kühner et al. are shown at right. Complexes are labeled with the identifier used in their corresponding study.</p

Conserved complex components are enriched for essential proteins.

<p>This correlation is even more pronounced in <i>Mycoplasma</i> (blue). Protein complexes of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.ref005" target="_blank">5</a>] are compared to complexes of <i>M</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>] and <i>vice versa</i>. Fraction of conservation and fraction of essentiality are calculated as described in Materials and Methods. Each node represents a single protein complex with relative size corresponding to the size of the complex in number of components. Kühner complex 50 and its corresponding Hu complex 77 are indicated as an example complex match.</p

Summary of family, genera and species diversity of world’s reptiles.

<p>For convenience, reptiles in general and Squamata (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) lineage richness are shown separately.</p

Fractional essentiality and conservation of protein complexes across species.

<p><b>(A)</b> Each column represents one protein complex (as defined in EcoCyc for <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>) and its fraction of essentiality within the species shown at left. This subset of complexes are those in which at least one component is predicted to be conserved in <i>M</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>. Black stars by complex IDs indicate complexes shown in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>. Two example complexes not predicted to be present in <i>M</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> are also shown at the far right of the complex list. See <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.s008" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> for key to complexes. For species other than <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>, complexes are predicted using orthologous groups (OGs). Colors indicate the fraction of essentiality: blue—conserved components are essential at the fraction specified at right, grey—no components are conserved or all conserved components are not essential. <b>(B)</b> Conservation of complexes as shown in (A). Colors indicate the fraction of conservation ranging from dark green (all proteins are present) to red (no protein is present). General functional group assignments were manually assigned based on EcoCyc annotations. Columns in panels A and B correspond to the same complexes. <b>(C)</b> As in part A, but for the full set of EcoCyc <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> complexes; each column is a single complex. An extended version of this heat map is provided in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>. <b>(D)</b> As in part B, but for the full set of EcoCyc <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> complexes; each column is a single complex. The order of complexes is identical to that in (C). An extended version of this heat map is provided in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004107#pcbi.1004107.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a>. Columns in panels C and D correspond to the same complexes.</p

Distribution of the world’s reptile species as the accumulation of relative diversity from the richest (<i>Anolis</i>) to the poorest genera based on a 2012 and a 1980 dataset (main plot).

<p>The 2012 relationship reveals that 50% of global reptile diversity is accounted for by the 93 richest genera only, all of them squamates, and 92 being lizards and snakes. The inset plot displays the accumulation of species for both datasets as absolute species numbers per genera. <i>Anolis</i> is treated as a single large genus (see text for details).</p

Species richness in reptilian taxa.

<p>Overall, the number of species per genus in a family is not directly correlated with the number of genera per family (A). However, the number of genera is proportional to the number of species per family in all major reptile groups (B). Each data point represents a family.</p