A Search for Temporal Variations in Station Terms in Southern California from 1984 to 2002

We use relative arrival times and locations for similar earthquake pairs that are found using a cross-correlation method to analyze the time dependence of P and S station terms in southern California from 1984 to 2002. We examine 494 similar event clusters recorded by Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN) stations and compute absolute arrival-time variations from the differential arrival-time residuals obtained following event relocation. We compute station terms from the robust means of the absolute arrival-time residuals from all events recorded by each station at 3-month intervals. We observe nine stations with abrupt offsets in timing of 20–70 msec, which are likely caused by equipment changes during our study period. Taking these changes into account could improve the relative location accuracy for some of the event clusters. For other stations, we generally do not see systematic temporal variations greater than about 10 msec. Analysis of residuals along individual ray paths does not reveal any clear localized regions of apparent velocity changes at depth. These results limit large-scale, long-lasting temporal variations in P and S velocities across southern California during this time period to less than about ±0.2%. However, there is an increased fraction of individual travel-time residuals exceeding 20 msec immediately following major earthquakes from source regions near the mainshock rupture

Earthquake recurrence as a record breaking process

Extending the central concept of recurrence times for a point process to recurrent events in space-time allows us to characterize seismicity as a record breaking process using only spatiotemporal relations among events. Linking record breaking events with edges between nodes in a graph generates a complex dynamical network isolated from any length, time or magnitude scales set by the observer. For Southern California, the network of recurrences reveals new statistical features of seismicity with robust scaling laws. The rupture length and its scaling with magnitude emerges as a generic measure for distance between recurrent events. Further, the relative separations for subsequent records in space (or time) form a hierarchy with unexpected scaling properties

A new method to identify earthquake swarms applied to seismicity near the San Jacinto Fault, California

Understanding earthquake clustering in space and time is important but also challenging because of complexities in earthquake patterns and the large and diverse nature of earthquake catalogues. Swarms are of particular interest because they likely result from physical changes in the crust, such as slow slip or fluid flow. Both swarms and clusters resulting from aftershock sequences can span a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Here we test and implement a new method to identify seismicity clusters of varying sizes and discriminate them from randomly occurring background seismicity. Our method searches for the closest neighbouring earthquakes in space and time and compares the number of neighbours to the background events in larger space/time windows. Applying our method to California's San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ), we find a total of 89 swarm-like groups. These groups range in size from 0.14 to 7.23 km and last from 15 min to 22 d. The most striking spatial pattern is the larger fraction of swarms at the northern and southern ends of the SJFZ than its central segment, which may be related to more normal-faulting events at the two ends. In order to explore possible driving mechanisms, we study the spatial migration of events in swarms containing at least 20 events by fitting with both linear and diffusion migration models. Our results suggest that SJFZ swarms are better explained by fluid flow because their estimated linear migration velocities are far smaller than those of typical creep events while large values of best-fitting hydraulic diffusivity are found

Coherent seismic arrivals in the P wave coda of the 2012 Mw 7.2 Sumatra earthquake : water reverberations or an early aftershock?

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123 (2018): 3147-3159, doi:10.1002/2018JB015573.Teleseismic records of the 2012 Mw 7.2 Sumatra earthquake contain prominent phases in the P wave train, arriving about 50 to 100 s after the direct P arrival. Azimuthal variations in these arrivals, together with back‐projection analysis, led Fan and Shearer (2016a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067785) to conclude that they originated from early aftershock(s), located ∼150 km northeast of the mainshock and landward of the trench. However, recently, Yue et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073254) argued that the anomalous arrivals are more likely water reverberations from the mainshock, based mostly on empirical Green's function analysis of a M6 earthquake near the mainshock and a water phase synthetic test. Here we present detailed back‐projection and waveform analyses of three M6 earthquakes within 100 km of the Mw 7.2 earthquake, including the empirical Green's function event analyzed in Yue et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073254). In addition, we examine the waveforms of three M5.5 reverse‐faulting earthquakes close to the inferred early aftershock location in Fan and Shearer (2016a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067785). These results suggest that the reverberatory character of the anomalous arrivals in the mainshock coda is consistent with water reverberations, but the origin of this energy is more likely an early aftershock rather than delayed and displaced water reverberations from the mainshock.National Science Foundation Grant Numbers: EAR-1261681, EAR-1620251; Weston Howland Jr. Postdoctoral Scholarship2018-10-2

Attenuation models (Q_P and Q_S) in three dimensions of the southern California crust: Inferred fluid saturation at seismogenic depths

We analyze high dynamic range waveform spectra to determine t* values for both P and S waves from earthquakes in southern California. We invert the t* values for three-dimensional (3-D) frequency-independent Q_P and Q_S regional models of the crust. The models have 15 km horizontal grid spacing and an average vertical grid spacing of 4 km, down to 22 km depth, and extend from the U.S.-Mexico border to the Coast Ranges in the south and Sierra Nevada in the north. In general, QP and QS increase rapidly with depth, consistent with crustal densities and velocities. The 3-D Q_P and Q_S models image the major tectonic structures and to a much lesser extent the thermal structure of the southern California crust. The near-surface low Q_P and Q_S zones coincide with major sedimentary basins such as the San Bernardino, Chino, San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Maria basins and the Salton Trough. In contrast, at shallow depths beneath the Peninsular Ranges, southern Mojave Desert, and southern Sierras, we image high Q_P and Q_S zones, which correspond to the dense and high-velocity rocks of the mountain ranges. Several clear transition zones of rapidly varying Q_P and Q_S coincide with major late Quaternary faults and connect regions of high and low Q_P and Q_S. At midcrustal depths, the Q_P and Q_S exhibit modest variation in slightly higher and lower QP or QS zones, which is consistent with reported crustal reflectivity. In general, for the southern California crust, Q_S/Q_P is greater than 1.0, suggesting partially fluid-saturated crust. A few limited regions of Q_S/Q_P less than 1.0 correspond to areas mostly outside the major sedimentary basins, including areas around the San Jacinto fault, suggesting a larger reduction in the shear modulus compared to the bulk modulus or almost complete fluid saturation

Possible seasonality in large deep-focus earthquakes

Large deep-focus earthquakes (magnitude > 7.0, depth > 500 km) have exhibited strong seasonality in their occurrence times since the beginning of global earthquake catalogs. Of 60 such events from 1900 to the present, 42 have occurred in the middle half of each year. The seasonality appears strongest in the northwest Pacific subduction zones and weakest in the Tonga region. Taken at face value, the surplus of northern hemisphere summer events is statistically significant, but due to the ex post facto hypothesis testing, the absence of seasonality in smaller deep earthquakes, and the lack of a known physical triggering mechanism, we cannot rule out that the observed seasonality is just random chance. However, we can make a testable prediction of seasonality in future large deep-focus earthquakes, which, given likely earthquake occurrence rates, should be verified or falsified within a few decades. If confirmed, deep earthquake seasonality would challenge our current understanding of deep earthquakes

Southern California Hypocenter Relocation with Waveform Cross-Correlation, Part 2: Results Using Source-Specific Station Terms and Cluster Analysis

We obtain precise relative relocations for more than 340,000 southern California earthquakes between 1984 and 2002 by applying the source-specific station-term (ssst) method to existing P- and S-phase picks and a differential location method to about 208,000 events within similar-event clusters identified with waveform cross-correlation. The entire catalog is first relocated by using existing phase picks, a reference 1D velocity model, and the ssst method of Richards-Dinger and Shearer (2000). We also perform separate relocations of Imperial Valley events by using a velocity model more suited to this region. Next, we apply cluster analysis to the waveform cross-correlation output to identify similar-event clusters. We relocate earthquakes within each similar-event cluster by using the differential times alone, keeping the cluster centroid fixed to its initial ssst location. We estimate standard errors for the relative locations from the internal consistency of differential locations between individual event pairs; these errors are often as small as tens of meters. In many cases the relocated events within each similar-event cluster align in planar features suggestive of faults. We observe a surprising number of such faults at small scales that strike nearly perpendicular to the main seismicity trends. In general, the fine-scale details of the seismicity reveal a great deal of structural complexity in southern California fault systems

Stability of Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Populations in Pacific Northwest Pear Orchards Managed with Long-Term Mating Disruption for Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

This study focused on conservation biological control of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, in the Pacific Northwest, USA. We hypothesized that insecticides applied against the primary insect pest, codling moth Cydia pomonella, negatively impact natural enemies of pear psylla, thus causing outbreaks of this secondary pest. Hence, the objective of this study was to understand how codling moth management influences the abundance of pear psylla and its natural enemy complex in pear orchards managed under long-term codling moth mating disruption programs. We conducted this study within a pear orchard that had previously been under seasonal mating disruption for codling moth for eight years. We replicated two treatments, “natural enemy disrupt” (application of two combination sprays of spinetoram plus chlorantraniliprole timed against first-generation codling moth) and “natural enemy non-disrupt” four times in the orchard. Field sampling of psylla and natural enemies (i.e., lacewings, coccinellids, spiders, Campylomma verbasci, syrphid flies, earwigs) revealed that pear psylla populations remained well below treatment thresholds all season despite the reduced abundance of key pear psylla natural enemies in the natural enemy disrupt plots compared with the non-disrupt treatment. We speculate that pear psylla are difficult to disrupt when pear orchards are under long-term codling moth disruption

Waveform Relocated Earthquake Catalog for Southern California (1981 to June 2011)

We determine a new relocated catalog, HYS_catalog_2011, for southern California from 1981 through June 2011. About 75.3% of the hypocenters are calculated with absolute and differential travel‐time picks, and 24.7% could be relocated only by using absolute travel‐time picks with 3D or 1D velocity models. The total catalog consists of more than 502,000 earthquakes in the region extending from Baja California in the south to Coalinga and Owens Valley in the north. The catalog consists of three M 7.1, M 7.2, and M 7.3 mainshocks; their foreshocks and aftershocks; and background seismicity caused by tectonic and other processes in the southern California crust. Hypocenters in the new relocated catalog exhibit tighter spatial clustering of seismicity than does the routinely generated catalog, and the depth distribution is tighter and reflects the thickness of the seismogenic zone more accurately. Compared to the standard catalog, the relocated hypocenters are more easily related to other data sets, such as mapped late Quaternary faults