5 research outputs found
Unsupervised dynamic modeling of medical image transformation
Spatiotemporal imaging has applications in e.g. cardiac diagnostics, surgical
guidance, and radiotherapy monitoring, In this paper, we explain the temporal
motion by identifying the underlying dynamics, only based on the sequential
images. Our dynamical model maps the inputs of observed high-dimensional
sequential images to a low-dimensional latent space wherein a linear
relationship between a hidden state process and the lower-dimensional
representation of the inputs holds. For this, we use a conditional variational
auto-encoder (CVAE) to nonlinearly map the higher-dimensional image to a
lower-dimensional space, wherein we model the dynamics with a linear Gaussian
state-space model (LG-SSM). The model, a modified version of the Kalman
variational auto-encoder, is end-to-end trainable, and the weights, both in the
CVAE and LG-SSM, are simultaneously updated by maximizing the evidence lower
bound of the marginal likelihood. In contrast to the original model, we explain
the motion with a spatial transformation from one image to another. This
results in sharper reconstructions and the possibility of transferring
auxiliary information, such as segmentation, through the image sequence. Our
experiments, on cardiac ultrasound time series, show that the dynamic model
outperforms traditional image registration in execution time, to a similar
performance. Further, our model offers the possibility to impute and
extrapolate for missing samples.Comment: published in 2022 25th International Conference on Information Fusion
(FUSION
Strålmodellering i dosplaneringssyfte för svepta protonstrålar
Scanned proton beams offer the possibility to take full advantage of the dose deposition properties of proton beams, i.e. the limited range and sharp peak at the end of the range, the Bragg peak. By actively scanning the proton beam, laterally by scanning magnets and longitudinally by shifting the energy, the position of the Bragg peak can be controlled in all three dimensions, thereby enabling high dose delivery to the target volume only. A typical scanned proton beam line consists of a pair of scanning magnets to perform the lateral beam scanning and possibly a range shifter and a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Part of this thesis deals with the development of control, supervision and verification methods for the scanned proton beam line at the The Svedberg laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden. Radiotherapy is preceded by treatment planning, where one of the main objectives is predicting the dose to the patient. The dose is calculated by a dose calculation engine and the accuracy of the results is of course dependent on the accuracy and sophistication of the transport and interaction models of the dose engine itself. But, for the dose distribution calculation to have any bearing on the reality, it needs to be started with relevant input in accordance with the beam that is emitted from the treatment machine. This input is provided by the beam model. As such, the beam model is the link between the reality (the treatment machine) and the treatment planning system. The beam model contains methods to characterise the treatment machine and provides the dose calculation with the reconstructed beam phase space, in some convenient representation. In order for a beam model to be applicable in a treatment planning system, its methods have to be general. In this thesis, a beam model for a scanned proton beam is developed. The beam model contains models and descriptions of the beam modifying elements of a scanned proton beam line. Based on a well-defined set of generally applicable characterisation measurements, ten beam model parameters are extracted, describing the basic properties of the beam, i.e. the energy spectrum, the radial and the angular distributions and the nominal direction. Optional beam modifying elements such as a range shifter and an MLC are modelled by dedicated Monte Carlo calculation algorithms. The algorithm that describes the MLC contains a parameterisation of collimator scatter, in which the rather complex phase space of collimator scattered protons has been parameterised by a set of analytical functions. Dose calculations based on the phase space reconstructed by the beam model are in good agreement with experimental data. This holds both for the dose distribution of the elementary pencil beam, reflecting the modelling of the basic properties of the scanned beam, as well as for complete calculations of collimated scanned fields
Strålmodellering i dosplaneringssyfte för svepta protonstrålar
Scanned proton beams offer the possibility to take full advantage of the dose deposition properties of proton beams, i.e. the limited range and sharp peak at the end of the range, the Bragg peak. By actively scanning the proton beam, laterally by scanning magnets and longitudinally by shifting the energy, the position of the Bragg peak can be controlled in all three dimensions, thereby enabling high dose delivery to the target volume only. A typical scanned proton beam line consists of a pair of scanning magnets to perform the lateral beam scanning and possibly a range shifter and a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Part of this thesis deals with the development of control, supervision and verification methods for the scanned proton beam line at the The Svedberg laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden. Radiotherapy is preceded by treatment planning, where one of the main objectives is predicting the dose to the patient. The dose is calculated by a dose calculation engine and the accuracy of the results is of course dependent on the accuracy and sophistication of the transport and interaction models of the dose engine itself. But, for the dose distribution calculation to have any bearing on the reality, it needs to be started with relevant input in accordance with the beam that is emitted from the treatment machine. This input is provided by the beam model. As such, the beam model is the link between the reality (the treatment machine) and the treatment planning system. The beam model contains methods to characterise the treatment machine and provides the dose calculation with the reconstructed beam phase space, in some convenient representation. In order for a beam model to be applicable in a treatment planning system, its methods have to be general. In this thesis, a beam model for a scanned proton beam is developed. The beam model contains models and descriptions of the beam modifying elements of a scanned proton beam line. Based on a well-defined set of generally applicable characterisation measurements, ten beam model parameters are extracted, describing the basic properties of the beam, i.e. the energy spectrum, the radial and the angular distributions and the nominal direction. Optional beam modifying elements such as a range shifter and an MLC are modelled by dedicated Monte Carlo calculation algorithms. The algorithm that describes the MLC contains a parameterisation of collimator scatter, in which the rather complex phase space of collimator scattered protons has been parameterised by a set of analytical functions. Dose calculations based on the phase space reconstructed by the beam model are in good agreement with experimental data. This holds both for the dose distribution of the elementary pencil beam, reflecting the modelling of the basic properties of the scanned beam, as well as for complete calculations of collimated scanned fields
Strålmodellering i dosplaneringssyfte för svepta protonstrålar
Scanned proton beams offer the possibility to take full advantage of the dose deposition properties of proton beams, i.e. the limited range and sharp peak at the end of the range, the Bragg peak. By actively scanning the proton beam, laterally by scanning magnets and longitudinally by shifting the energy, the position of the Bragg peak can be controlled in all three dimensions, thereby enabling high dose delivery to the target volume only. A typical scanned proton beam line consists of a pair of scanning magnets to perform the lateral beam scanning and possibly a range shifter and a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Part of this thesis deals with the development of control, supervision and verification methods for the scanned proton beam line at the The Svedberg laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden. Radiotherapy is preceded by treatment planning, where one of the main objectives is predicting the dose to the patient. The dose is calculated by a dose calculation engine and the accuracy of the results is of course dependent on the accuracy and sophistication of the transport and interaction models of the dose engine itself. But, for the dose distribution calculation to have any bearing on the reality, it needs to be started with relevant input in accordance with the beam that is emitted from the treatment machine. This input is provided by the beam model. As such, the beam model is the link between the reality (the treatment machine) and the treatment planning system. The beam model contains methods to characterise the treatment machine and provides the dose calculation with the reconstructed beam phase space, in some convenient representation. In order for a beam model to be applicable in a treatment planning system, its methods have to be general. In this thesis, a beam model for a scanned proton beam is developed. The beam model contains models and descriptions of the beam modifying elements of a scanned proton beam line. Based on a well-defined set of generally applicable characterisation measurements, ten beam model parameters are extracted, describing the basic properties of the beam, i.e. the energy spectrum, the radial and the angular distributions and the nominal direction. Optional beam modifying elements such as a range shifter and an MLC are modelled by dedicated Monte Carlo calculation algorithms. The algorithm that describes the MLC contains a parameterisation of collimator scatter, in which the rather complex phase space of collimator scattered protons has been parameterised by a set of analytical functions. Dose calculations based on the phase space reconstructed by the beam model are in good agreement with experimental data. This holds both for the dose distribution of the elementary pencil beam, reflecting the modelling of the basic properties of the scanned beam, as well as for complete calculations of collimated scanned fields