Development of White Spruce Tree Islands in the Shrub Zone of the Forest-tundra

The growth of four white spruce (Picea glauca) clonal islands ranging in age from ca. 98 years to more than 400 years was investigated in the shrub zone of the forest-tundra east of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. The elongation of 20 similar-aged stems in each of the three youngest islands was monitored during 1988 and 1989, along with ground and air temperatures. Stems in the younger islands showed a more flexible response to both daily and annual variation in temperature. Younger islands showed faster recovery from frost events during elongation and longer periods of elongation in cooler years. Early spring warming that caused snowmelt to occur before the growing season appeared to result in moisture stress later in the period of elongation. In stems of spruce shrub, the branches are concentrated near ground level because growth is slow and adventitious buds develop on the stem after repeated loss of stem terminals through snow abrasion. In young trees, shading and increased moisture from trapped snow coincide with feather moss establishment and a deep active layer, resulting in higher ground temperatures and faster tree growth. It is during this early period of development that a tree may be best able to develop an erect stem. In later development, the lowest branches of trees become appressed, grow roots, and become second-order stems, and this process continues outward from the central stem. In older tree islands, peat accumulation and needle abrasion can lead to conditions less favourable for growth and maintenance of needles. Consequently, the canopy may thin, which reduces its ability to trap snow. When snow cover is reduced, lichen-heath establishes and permafrost intrudes into the mound. Subsequent growth of the secondary stems on the mound may be too slow to enable successful development of an erect stem. Thus, island development is largely dependent on changing ground temperatures, which become colder as peat accumulates and frost heaving elevates the mound. Warm spring and summer conditions appear to lead to unfavourable conditions for tree islands.On a étudié la croissance de quatre îlots de clones d'épinettes blanches (Picea glauca) dont l'âge allait d'environ 98 à plus de 400 ans, situés dans la zone de végétation arbustive de la toundra forestière, à l'est de Churchill (Manitoba) au Canada. En 1988 et 1989, on a surveillé l'élongation de vingt tiges du même âge dans chacun des trois plus jeunes îlots ainsi que la température du sol et celle de l'air. Les tiges des plus jeunes îlots réagissaient avec plus de souplesse aux variations de température quotidienne comme annuelle. Les îlots les plus jeunes affichaient une aptitude à la réparation plus rapide suite à des périodes de gel durant l'élongation, ainsi que des périodes d'élongation plus longues durant les années plus fraîches. Un réchauffement printanier précoce provoquant la fonte des neiges avant la saison de croissance semblait résulter en une tension hydrique plus tard durant la période d'élongation. Sur les troncs d'épinettes arbustives, les branches sont concentrées près du niveau du sol en raison de la lenteur de la croissance et du développement de bourgeons adventifs sur le tronc après la perte répétée des terminaisons de tiges causée par l'abrasion nivale. Chez les jeunes arbres, l'ombrage et l'augmentation d'humidité provenant de la neige emprisonnée coïncident avec l'établissement d'hypnacées et une épaisse couche active, ce qui résulte en des températures au sol plus élevées et une croissance des arbres plus rapide. C'est durant cette phase initiale de développement qu'un arbre se révèle capable de développer un tronc droit. Au cours de la croissance ultérieure, les branches les plus basses deviennent appressées, prennent racine, devenant troncs secondaires, et le processus se poursuit en rayonnant à partir du tronc central. Dans les îlots d'arbres plus vieux, l'accumulation de tourbe et l'abrasion des aiguilles peuvent aboutir à des conditions moins favorables pour la croissance et le maintien des aiguilles. Il en résulte que le houppier peut s'éclaircir, ce qui réduit sa capacité à emprisonner la neige. Quand le couvert nival est réduit, il s'établit une bruyère à lichens et le pergélisol pénètre dans le monticule. Il peut arriver que la croissance ultérieure des tiges secondaires sur le monticule soit trop lente pour permettre le développement d'un tronc droit. Le développement d'un îlot est donc en grande partie dépendant de la variabilité de la température au sol, qui baisse à mesure que s'accumule la tourbe et que le gonflement dû au gel soulève le monticule. Il semble qu'un printemps chaud et la saison estivale résultent en des conditions défavorables pour les îlots arbustifs

Influences of Wind and Snow on Northern Tree-Line Environments at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada

The influences of wind and snow distribution at the tree line near Churchill, Manitoba, were studied. Wind profiles above the snow surface, snow crystal size and quantity were examined during abrasion experiments with white spruce branchlets. For white spruce, the abrasion zone was evidently within 80 cm above the snow surface, and needle removal by abrasion was strongly influenced by branch age. Removal by abrasion of similar-aged needles was highest in new branches and declined with branch age up to 7 or 8 years, and then increased again with older branches. Trees that grew 80 cm in height in 7 or 8 years were successful in passing through the abrasion zone. In forest-tundra environments the matted forms of trees were snow covered early in winter and received little abrasion. Sparsely needled islands of trees were largely covered with snow at the base. More densely needled trees and some trees within woodlands were less exposed to abrasion. The blockage of air flow resulted in high-speed jets, which cleared out snow within a "horseshoe-shaped vortex" around the base of the tree. Both in much of the woodlands and in the open forest, snow abrasion was minimal or non-existent and snow load on the branches (qali), becomes the prevalent stress. During winter, a large proportion of the snowfall was initially blown off the exposed surfaces of Hudson Bay and the coastal tundra regions, into the woodlands, and eventually across the tree line and into the open forest. As the woodlands filled up with snow in mid-winter, the rate of snow accumulation in the forest increased from double to triple the snowfall. Variations in the rate of accumulation occurred with wind speed and direction. ...Key words: tree line, wind, snow, white spruce, abrasionL'influence de la distribution du vent et de la neige à la limite forestière, près de Churchill, au Manitoba, constitue le thème de cette recherche. On a étudié le profil éolien au dessus de la surface de la neige, ainsi que la taille et la quantité des cristaux de neige au cours d'expériences d'abrasion faites sur des petites branches d'épinette blanche. Pour cette dernière, la zone d'abrasion se situait de toute évidence dans les 80 cm au-dessus de la surface de la neige et la disparition des aiguilles par abrasion était fortement influencée par l'âge de la branche. La disparition par abrasion des aiguilles d'âge semblable était plus élevée pour les nouvelles branches et diminuait avec l'âge de la branche, jusqu'à 7 ou 8 ans, pour augmenter à nouveau avec les branches plus vieilles. Les arbres qui poussaient de 80 cm en 7 ou 8 ans réussissaient à traverser la zone d'abrasion. Dans les environnements de toundra boisée, les arbres aux formes tassées et enchevêtrées étaient couverts de neige tôt en hiver et étaient peu sujets à l'abrasion. Les îlots d'arbres aux aiguilles clairsemées étaient largement couverts de neige à la base. Les arbres aux aiguilles plus fournies et quelques arbres de la forêt-parc étaient moins exposés à l'abrasion. Le blocage de la circulation d'air créait des courants très rapides qui soufflaient la neige en créant un tourbillon en fer à cheval au pied de l'arbre. Dans la plupart de la forêt-parc comme dans la forêt claire, l'abrasion par la neige était minime ou non existante et la charge nivale sur les branches (qali) était le principal agent de stress. Au cours de l'hiver, une grande quantité de la chute nivale était d'abord transportée par le vent, depuis la surface exposée des régions de la baie d'Hudson et de la toundra côtière, jusqu'à la forêt-parc, puis dépassait la limite forestière pour entrer dans la forêt claire. Comme la forêt-parc se remplissait de neige au milieu de l'hiver, le taux d'accumulation nivale dans la forêt passait du double au triple de la chute de neige. La vitesse et la direction du vent faisaient varier le taux d'accumulation. Durant le mois de mai, la fonte nivale se produisait d'abord dans la toundra et ruisselait en général sur la surface gelée. La fonte nivale se produisait environ 3 semaines plus tard dans la forêt claire et s'y caractérisait par une réduction du ruissellement, du fait que l'eau s'infiltrait plus facilement dans la tourbe en dégel. Les combes de neige tardives étaient caractéristiques de la toundra boisée de la forêt-parc et avaient généralement disparu au milieu de juillet. La forêt-parc était libre de neige pendant 1 mois et demi à 2 mois au cours d'une année, alors que la forêt claire était libre de neige durant environ 3 mois et la toundra pratiquement libre de neige durant au moins 6 mois.Mots clés : limite forestière, vent, neige, épinette blanche, abrasio

Permafrost Development in the Intertidal Zone at Churchill, Manitoba: A Possible Mechanism for Accelerated Beach Lift

Boreholes drilled in the Beech Bay area during July to November 1929 indicated that a sill of permafrost had extended below the high-water line, tapering in depth towards low water. The boreholes revealed thick layers of fine sediments on top of deep underlain bedrock. Recent borings determined the upper limits of permafrost in 1981. Examination of the data shows that there has been a permafrost expansion into the emerging tidal zone. These observations suggest an additional mechanism for accelerated uplift of coastal exposed "soft" sediments: the vertical expansion of refrozen, water-saturated silts and clays as new permafrost forms. The existing rates of isostatic uplift are enhanced by the process.Key words: permafrost, active zone, isostatic uplift, Breech Bay, Churchill, Hudson BayDes carottes prises dans la région de la baie Beech entre juillet et novembre 1929 ont indiqué qu'un seuil de pergélisol s'étendait au-dessous du niveau des hautes mers, diminuant en profondeur en approchant le niveau des basses mers. Les carottes révèlant des couches épaisses de fins sédiments reposant sur un profond soubassement. Des carottes récentes ont déterminé les limites supérieures du pergélisol en 1981. L'étude des données signales une expansion du pergélisol dans la zone intertidale surgissante. Ces observations suggèrent un mécanisme additionnel accélérant la levée des sédiments "mous" exposés le long des côtes par l'expansion verticale de vases et de glaises saturés d'eau et congelées à nouveau sous de nouvelles formes de pergélisol. Le taux de levée isostatique est augmenté par le processus.Mots clés: pergélisol, zone active, levée isostatique, baie Beech, la baie d'Hudso

Reduced natriuretic response to acute sodium loading in COMT Gene deleted mice

BACKGROUND: The intrarenal natriuretic hormone dopamine (DA) is metabolised by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Inhibition of COMT, as opposed to MAO, results in a potent natriuretic response in the rat. The present study in anaesthetized homozygous and heterozygous COMT gene deleted mice attempted to further elucidate the importance of COMT in renal DA and sodium handling. After acute intravenous isotonic sodium loading, renal function was followed. RESULTS: COMT activity in heterozygous mice was about half of that in wild type mice and was zero in the homozygous mice. MAO activity did not differ between the genotypes. Urinary sodium excretion increased 10-fold after sodium loading in wild type mice. In heterozygous and homozygous mice, the natriuretic effects of sodium loading were only 29 % and 39 %, respectively, of that in wild type mice. Arterial pressure and glomerular filtration rate did not differ between genotypes. Baseline norepinephrine and DA excretions in urine were elevated in the homozygous, but not in heterozygous, COMT gene deleted mice. Urinary DA excretion increased after isotonic sodium loading in the wild type mice but not in the COMT gene deleted mice. CONCLUSIONS: Mice with reduced or absent COMT activity have altered metabolism of catecholamines and are unable to increase renal DA activity and produce normal natriuresis in response to acute sodium loading. The results support the hypothesis that COMT has an important role in the DA-mediated regulation of renal sodium excretion

Circadian variation in renal blood flow and kidney function in healthy volunteers monitored using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging

Circadian regulation of kidney function is involved in maintaining whole-body homeostasis and dysfunctional circadian rhythm can potentially be involved in disease development. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)provides reliable and reproducible repetitive estimates of kidney function non-invasively without the risk of adverse events associated with contrast agents and ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to estimate circadian variations in kidney function in healthy human subjects using MRI, and relate the findings with urinary excretions of electrolytes and markers of kidney function.Phase Contrast imaging, Arterial Spin Labeling and Blood Oxygen Level DependentR2*-mapping were used to assess the total renal blood flow and regional perfusion,and intrarenal oxygenation in eight female and eight male healthy volunteers every fourth hour during a 24hperiod. Parallel with MRI scans, standard urinary and plasma parameters were quantified. Significant circadian variations of total renal blood flow were found over 24hwith increasing flow from noon to midnight and decreasing flow during the night. In contrast, no circadian variation in intrarenal oxygenation was detected.Urinary excretions of electrolytes, osmotically active particles, creatinine and urea all displayed circadian variations, peaking during the afternoon and evening hours.In conclusion, total renal blood flow and kidney function, as estimated from excretion of electrolytes and waste products, display profound circadian variations, whereas intrarenal oxygenation displays significantly less circadian variation

Developmental programming of cardiovascular dysfunction by prenatal hypoxia and oxidative stress.

Fetal hypoxia is a common complication of pregnancy. It has been shown to programme cardiac and endothelial dysfunction in the offspring in adult life. However, the mechanisms via which this occurs remain elusive, precluding the identification of potential therapy. Using an integrative approach at the isolated organ, cellular and molecular levels, we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress in the fetal heart and vasculature underlies the molecular basis via which prenatal hypoxia programmes cardiovascular dysfunction in later life. In a longitudinal study, the effects of maternal treatment of hypoxic (13% O(2)) pregnancy with an antioxidant on the cardiovascular system of the offspring at the end of gestation and at adulthood were studied. On day 6 of pregnancy, rats (n = 20 per group) were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia ± vitamin C. At gestational day 20, tissues were collected from 1 male fetus per litter per group (n = 10). The remaining 10 litters per group were allowed to deliver. At 4 months, tissues from 1 male adult offspring per litter per group were either perfusion fixed, frozen, or dissected for isolated organ preparations. In the fetus, hypoxic pregnancy promoted aortic thickening with enhanced nitrotyrosine staining and an increase in cardiac HSP70 expression. By adulthood, offspring of hypoxic pregnancy had markedly impaired NO-dependent relaxation in femoral resistance arteries, and increased myocardial contractility with sympathetic dominance. Maternal vitamin C prevented these effects in fetal and adult offspring of hypoxic pregnancy. The data offer insight to mechanism and thereby possible targets for intervention against developmental origins of cardiac and peripheral vascular dysfunction in offspring of risky pregnancy

Lability of DOC transported by Alaskan rivers to the Arctic Ocean

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 35 (2008): L03402, doi:10.1029/2007GL032837.Arctic rivers transport huge quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the Arctic Ocean. The prevailing paradigm is that DOC in arctic rivers is refractory and therefore of little significance for the biogeochemistry of the Arctic Ocean. We show that there is substantial seasonal variability in the lability of DOC transported by Alaskan rivers to the Arctic Ocean: little DOC is lost during incubations of samples collected during summer, but substantial losses (20–40%) occur during incubations of samples collected during the spring freshet when the majority of the annual DOC flux occurs. We speculate that restricting sampling to summer may have biased past studies. If so, then fluvial inputs of DOC to the Arctic Ocean may have a much larger influence on coastal ocean biogeochemistry than previously realized, and reconsideration of the role of terrigenous DOC on carbon, microbial, and food-web dynamics on the arctic shelf will be warranted.This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers OPP-0436106, OPP- 0519840, and EAR-0403962, and is a contribution to the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH)

Linkages among runoff, dissolved organic carbon, and the stable oxygen isotope composition of seawater and other water mass indicators in the Arctic Ocean

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): G02013, doi:10.1029/2005JG000031.Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and δ18O values have been determined following sampling of runoff from a number of major arctic rivers, including the Ob, Yenisey, Lena, Kolyma, Mackenzie and Yukon in 2003-2004. These data are considered in conjunction with marine data for DOC, δ18O values, nutrients, salinity, and fluorometric indicators of DOC that were obtained as part of the Shelf-Basin Interactions program at the continental shelf-basin boundary of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. These marine data indicate that the freshwater component is most likely derived from regional sources, such as the Mackenzie, the Bering Strait inflow and possibly eastern Siberian rivers, including the Kolyma, or the Lena but not rivers further west in the Eurasian arctic. Contributions of freshwater from melted sea ice to marine surface waters appeared to be insignificant over annual cycles compared to runoff, although on a seasonal basis, freshwater from melted sea ice was locally dominant following a major sea-ice retreat into the Canada Basin in 2002. DOC concentrations were correlated with the runoff fraction, with an apparent meteoric water DOC concentration of 174 ± 1 μM (standard error). This concentration is lower than the flow-weighted concentrations measured at river mouths of the five largest Arctic rivers (358 to 917 μM), indicating that removal of terrigenous DOC during transport through estuaries, shelves and in the deep basin. DOC data indicate that flow-weighted concentrations in the two largest North American arctic rivers, the Yukon (625μM) and the Mackenzie (382 μM), are lower than in the three largest Eurasian arctic rivers, the Ob (825 μM), the Yenesey (858 μM) and the Lena (917 μM). A fluorometric indicator of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) that has provided estimates of terrigenous DOC concentrations in the Eurasian Arctic was not correlated with DOC concentrations in the Amerasian marine waters studied, except below the upper Arctic Ocean halocline. Nutrient distributions and concentrations as well as derived nutrient ratios suggest the CDOM fluorometer may be responding to the release of chromophoric materials from continental shelf sediments. Shipboard incubation experiments with undisturbed sediment cores indicate that continental shelf sediments on the Bering and Chukchi Sea shelves are likely to be a net source of DOC to the Arctic Ocean.The PARTNERS and SBI projects have been supported by the Office of Polar Programs of the U.S. National Science Foundation

The Relationship between Asthma and Depression in Primary Care Patients: A Historical Cohort and Nested Case Control Study

Asthma and depression are common health problems in primary care. Evidence of a relationship between asthma and depression is conflicting. Objectives: to determine 1. The incidence rate and incidence rate ratio of depression in primary care patients with asthma compared to those without asthma, and 2. The standardized mortality ratio of depressed compared to non-depressed patients with asthma.A historical cohort and nested case control study using data derived from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Participants: 11,275 incident cases of asthma recorded between 1/1/95 and 31/12/96 age, sex and practice matched with non-cases from the database (ratio 1∶1) and followed up through the database for 10 years. 1,660 cases were matched by date of asthma diagnosis with 1,660 controls. Main outcome measures: number of cases diagnosed with depression, the number of deaths over the study period.The rate of depression in patients with asthma was 22.4/1,000 person years and without asthma 13.8 /1,000 person years. The incident rate ratio (adjusted for age, sex, practice, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, smoking) was 1.59 (95% CI 1.48–1.71). The increased rate of depression was not associated with asthma severity or oral corticosteroid use. It was associated with the number of consultations (odds ratio per visit 1.09; 95% CI 1.07–1.11). The age and sex adjusted standardized mortality ratio for depressed patients with asthma was 1.87 (95% CI: 1.54–2.27).Asthma is associated with depression. This was not related to asthma severity or oral corticosteroid use but was related to service use. This suggests that a diagnosis of depression is related to health seeking behavior in patients with asthma. There is an increased mortality rate in depressed patients with asthma. The cause of this needs further exploration. Consideration should be given to case-finding for depression in this population

From BASE-ASIA Toward 7-SEAS: A Satellite-Surface Perspective of Boreal Spring Biomass-Burning Aerosols and Clouds in Southeast Asia

In this paper, we present recent field studies conducted by NASA's SMART-COMMIT (and ACHIEVE, to be operated in 2013) mobile laboratories, jointly with distributed ground-based networks (e.g., AERONET, http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/ and MPLNET, http://mplnet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and other contributing instruments over northern Southeast Asia. These three mobile laboratories, collectively called SMARTLabs (cf. http://smartlabs.gsfc.nasa.gov/, Surface-based Mobile Atmospheric Research & Testbed Laboratories) comprise a suite of surface remote sensing and in-situ instruments that are pivotal in providing high spectral and temporal measurements, complementing the collocated spatial observations from various Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites. A satellite-surface perspective and scientific findings, drawn from the BASE-ASIA (2006) field deployment as well as a series of ongoing 7-SEAS (2010-13) field activities over northern Southeast Asia are summarized, concerning (i) regional properties of aerosols from satellite and in situ measurements, (ii) cloud properties from remote sensing and surface observations, (iii) vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds, and (iv) regional aerosol radiative effects and impact assessment. The aerosol burden over Southeast Asia in boreal spring, attributed to biomass burning, exhibits highly consistent spatial and temporal distribution patterns, with major variability arising from changes in the magnitude of the aerosol loading mediated by processes ranging from large-scale climate factors to diurnal meteorological events. Downwind from the source regions, the tightly coupled-aerosolecloud system provides a unique, natural laboratory for further exploring the micro- and macro-scale relationships of the complex interactions. The climatic significance is presented through large-scale anti-correlations between aerosol and precipitation anomalies, showing spatial and seasonal variability, but their precise cause-and-effect relationships remain an open-ended question. To facilitate an improved understanding of the regional aerosol radiative effects, which continue to be one of the largest uncertainties in climate forcing, a joint international effort is required and anticipated to commence in springtime 2013 in northern Southeast Asia