Additional file 1: of Design and rationale of a large, international, prospective cohort study to evaluate the occurrence of malformations and perinatal/neonatal death using insulin detemir in pregnant women with diabetes in comparison with other long-acting insulins

1-month questionnaire. (PDF 131 kb

Frequency of GDM and pre-eclampsia by SDS, 1978–1981.

<p>The distribution of GDM shows a U-shaped pattern with an increased frequency for mothers born SGA and LGA, while the distribution of pre-eclampsia shows an approximate monotonous relationship, with increasing frequency of pre-eclampsia associated with smallness for gestational age.</p

Variables in the multivariate model.

*<p>Gestational age (OR for a reduction of 1 week).</p>†<p>Birthweight by gestational age z-score (OR for a reduction of 1 standard deviation).</p>‡<p>Birthweight by gestational age z-score, values >2 (OR for an increase of 1 standard deviation).</p>•<p>Maternal level of education (OR for lowest vs. highest educational level).</p>□<p>Maternal age at birth (OR for an increase of 1 year).</p><p>For GDM the multivariate model showed an increased risk with low gestational age and a U-shaped distribution for maternal SDS, with the highest risk for mothers born with increasingly low birth for gestational age or increasingly high birthweight by gestational age. For pre-eclampsia the model showed an increased risk with low gestational age and a linear association with SDS. The model was corrected for maternal age and education, and the confounding factors were distributed as expected, with a significant effect of maternal educational level on GDM (higher educational level leads to lower risk of GDM) and a significant effect of maternal age on pre-eclampsia (low maternal age leads to higher risk of pre-eclampsia). No significant interactions between SDS and maternal age or educational level were found.</p

Characteristics of women and their offspring, according to whether or not the women were exposed (N = 35,124) or unexposed (N = 38,113) to extra vitamin D from fortification during pregnancy.

<p>Characteristics of women and their offspring, according to whether or not the women were exposed (N = 35,124) or unexposed (N = 38,113) to extra vitamin D from fortification during pregnancy.</p

Core characteristics of the two cohorts.

□<p>Mean birthweight in grams (standard deviation).</p>*<p>Mean gestational age in days (standard deviation).</p>†<p>Mean birthweight by gestational age z-score (standard deviation).</p>•<p>Mean maternal age in years (standard deviation).</p

Modeled risk of GDM and preeclampsia by SDS.

<p>Risk curves given different gestational ages, here exemplified for a woman with a middle-long education giving birth at age 30. GA = gestational age in weeks.</p

Definition of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia by ICD8 codes.

<p>Definition of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia by ICD8 codes.</p

Covariates in the adjusted models for the risk of pregnancy related hypertensive disorders among women exposed vs. unexposed to extra vitamin D during their pregnancy.

<p>Covariates in the adjusted models for the risk of pregnancy related hypertensive disorders among women exposed vs. unexposed to extra vitamin D during their pregnancy.</p

Flow chart of the study population.

<p>*Deliveries excluded during the 15 months’ wash-out period from June 1985 to August 1986. **Births which were not the women first, misclassification of the offspring’s birth weight, or gestational weeks was < 22 weeks. ***Excluded due to missing information on maternal age at delivery, singleton and multiple births, gestational age at delivery, birth weight or offspring gender. ¹Group: Gestational hypertension (code 63700). ²Group: Mild preeclampsia (code 63703), Preeclampsia, unspecified (code 63709) & Toxemia (63799). ³Group: Severe preeclampsia (code 63704), Eclampsia (code 63719).</p

Crude and adjusted odds ratio for the risk of pregnancy related hypertensive disorders among women exposed vs unexposed to extra vitamin D during their pregnancy.

<p>Crude and adjusted odds ratio for the risk of pregnancy related hypertensive disorders among women exposed vs unexposed to extra vitamin D during their pregnancy.</p