Baryscapus transversalis Graham (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) – NOVA VRSTA U FAUNI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE\u27

Baryscapus transversalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was established for first time as an egg hyperparasitoid of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was reared from egg batches of pine processionary moth collected on Pinus nigra in the region of Boracko jezero. In laboratory conditions, 80 specimens of B. transversalis were reared during emerging period of 20 days between 3 and 22 November 2013. In the eggs of T. pityocampa, both males and females of B. transversalis developed, in sex ratio (♀♀:♂♂) 3:1.Baryscapus transversalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) je determiniran kao jajni hiperparazitoid Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) u Bosni i Hercegovini. Uzgojen je iz jajnih legla borovog četnjaka prikupljenih s lokaliteta Boračko jezero (Konjic) i time postao nova vrsta u entomofauni Bosne i Hercegovine. U laboratorijskim uvjetima uzgojeno je 80 jedinki B. transversalis u razdoblju od 3. do 22. studenog 2013. godine. Iz jaja T. pityocampa razvili su se i mužjaci i ženke B. transversalis u odnosu (♀♀:♂♂) 3:1

Egg parasitoids of Thaumetopoea pityocampa in the region of Gyumyurdzhinski Snezhnik in Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria

The region of Gyumyurdzhinski Snezhnik in the Eastern Rhodopes is the closest in Bulgaria to the Aegean Sea. However, the climate is characterized by specific parameters that are determined by its relief. It is poorly protected from the invasion of cold air masses from the north. From the south, the Gyumyurdzhinski Snezhnik hill restrains the Mediterranean influence. The orography of the area favors the retention of cold air masses and a further drop in temperatures. The experimental material for the study includes 5 generations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022), collected in 31 locations of four State Forestry Enterprises: Kirkovo, Ardino, Momchilgrad, and Zlatograd. The sample for analysis included 693 egg batches with 148420 eggs in them. Seven primary egg parasitoids were established in this region: Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii, Pediobius bruchicida, Anastatus bifasciatus, Eupelmus vesicularis, E. vladimiri, Trichogramma sp. and one hyperparasitoid (B. transversalis). Dominant parasitoids were B. servadeii and O. pityocampae, and E. vladimiri and P. bruchicida – occasional parasitoids. The hyperparasitoid B. transversalis participated in the complex with a relatively low share. The survival of the egg parasitoids in the laboratory conditions, in which the samples were kept, was low. The total mortality of the parasitoids in larval and adult stages was 47.8%. After collecting the samples, in laboratory conditions, a total of 442 individuals of the hyperparasitoid B. transversalis emerged, of which 56.3% were females and 43.7% were males. The average number of pine processionary moth eggs in a batch was 214.2. 70.8% of all the eggs in the samples hatched successfully. The egg parasitoids are a very serious natural factor, regulating the density of the pine processionary moth, but their impact varied from 2.1% to 30.3%. The natural characteristics of the area, the air temperature during the stages of eggs and young larvae, are favorable for the development of the pine processionary moth. Unhatched larvae without the influence of entomophages were 7.2%

Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic

Description of a new species of Stepanovia Kostjukov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Bulgaria

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Taxonomical Notes on Neotrichoporoides bulgaricus Graham, 1987 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)

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Entedonomphale postmarginalis Shafee, Rizvi & Khan 1988, comb. n.

Entedonomphale postmarginalis (Shafee, Rizvi & Khan, 1988), comb. n. (Figs 5, 6) Euderomphale postmarginalis Shafee, Rizvi & Khan 1988: 2 (description, key [as E. Postmarginalis]), 3 (illustrations, figs D and E [as E. Postmarginalis]). Type locality: Bullandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India. Entedonastichus postmarginalis (Shafee, Rizvi & Khan): Hayat et al. 2005: 10 (type information). Type material examined. Holotype female [ZDAMU] dissected on two slides, as follows. Slide 1 (head, one antenna, mesosoma and most of metasoma, and legs (with some segments missing) [under two coverslips]), labeled: 1. “Ref. No. 723 sp. n.”, 2. “ HOLOTYPE Euderomphale postmarginalis Shafee, Rizvi & Khan det. M. Hayat, 2003 ”; Slide 2 (one antenna, one forewing, and the ovipositor [under the same coverslip]), labeled: 1. “ 723 [in pencil] Ref. No 723 sp. n.”, 2. “ HOLOTYPE parts Euderomphale postmarginalis Shafee, Rizvi & Khan det. M. Hayat, 2003 ”. Diagnosis. Body and appendages mostly dark brown. Toruli slightly below lover ocular line. Antenna (Fig. 5) with scape (not counting a small radicle) 4.1 x as long as wide, a little dilated basally and medially. Pedicel longer than funicle; F 1 a little smaller than F 2, 1.1-1.5 x as wide as long, apparently without longitudinal sensilla; F 2 1.6 x as wide as long, at least with 1 longitudinal sensillum; clava entire, 1.6-1.7 x as long as wide. Mesosoma shorter than metasoma. Midlobe of mesoscutum with 1 pair of setae; anterior margin of scutellum slightly angulate. Forewing (Fig. 6) about 3.1 x as long as wide, with disc almost hyaline (with a slight brownish tinge throughout, perhaps a little more pronounced behind marginal and stigmal veins) and setose behind marginal and stigmal veins and beyond venation (more sparsely so behind base of marginal vein, and bare posterior of cubital row of setae); stigmal vein about as long as postmarginal vein; the longest marginal seta about 1 / 2 of maximal forewing width. Petiole longer than wide. Entedonomphale postmarginalis is undoubtedly a good species. In Triapitsyn (2005), E. postmarginalis would key to the couplets together with the species that have a hyaline forewing (i.e., E. boccaccioi S. Triapitsyn from the USA, E. bicolorata (Ishii) from Japan, Germany, and Ukraine, and E. esenini S. Triapitsyn from Madagascar). Entedonomphale postmarginalis differs from all of them by the female antenna, both funicle segments of which are wider than long (Fig. 5). Comments. This species was described (and is still known) from a single female holotype “ex aleyrodid on Citrus sp.” (Shafee et al. 1988). The host record seems doubtful and thus needs verification.Published as part of Triapitsyn, Serguei V., Boyadzhiev, Peter S. & Antonov, Anton K., 2008, Taxonomic notes on Entedonomphale (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), pp. 61-64 in Zootaxa 1816 on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27436

Entedonomphale carbonaria Erdos 1954

Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954) (Figs 1–4) Thripoctenoides carbonarius Erdös 1954: 345 + fig. 12 c (p. 346). Type locality: Tompa, Hungary. Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös): Triapitsyn 2005: 285 –286 (taxonomic history, synonymy, references, diagnosis, illustrations, distribution); Boyadzhiev & Triapitsyn 2007: 736 (key to the European species of Entedonomphale), 740–741 (record of the fully winged female from Oregon, USA). Thripoctenoides kaulbarsi Yoshimoto 1981: 723 –725. Type locality: Riceville, Ontario, Canada. Syn. n. Entedonomphale kaulbarsi (Yoshimoto): Triapitsyn 2005: 277 –278 (taxonomic history, references, diagnosis, illustrations, description of the male, distribution). Thripoctenoides albicoxis Szelényi 1982: 387 –388. Type locality: Nagyiván, Hungary. Synonymized under E. carbonaria by Triapitsyn 2005: 285. New material examined. BULGARIA. Montana Region, Reservoir Ogosta (near Montana), 43 ° 23 ’09’’N 23 ° 12 ’ 53 ’’E, 175 m, 9.iv. 2005, A.K. Antonov (sweeping grasslands) [1 brachypterous female and 1 fully winged female, PUPB]. Distribution. Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and USA (Triapitsyn 2005, Boyadzhiev & Triapitsyn 2007). Comments. As previously suspected by Triapitsyn (2005) and Boyadzhiev & Triapitsyn (2007), the female of E. kaulbarsi indeed turned out to be just a brachypterous form of E. carbonaria. The antennae and other morphological features are identical among E. kaulbarsi from Canada and the specimens of E. carbonaria from Bulgaria and Hungary, hence the synonymy. Coloration of the legs seems to be quite variable in this species: the legs of the brachypterous female from near Montana, Bulgaria, are pale brown while the legs of the fully winged female from the same location are mostly brown to dark brown. To assist with recognition of E. carbonaria, which has never been properly illustrated, we provide photographs of the antenna (Fig. 1) and the reduced fore- (Fig. 2) and hind (Fig. 3) wings of the brachypterous female, as well as the forewing and the hind wing (Fig. 4) of the macropterous female.Published as part of Triapitsyn, Serguei V., Boyadzhiev, Peter S. & Antonov, Anton K., 2008, Taxonomic notes on Entedonomphale (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), pp. 61-64 in Zootaxa 1816 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27436

A universal microscope manipulator

A modified and improved model of a mechanical manipulator for observation of pinned and mounted insects is described. This device allows movement of the observed object around three perpendicular axes in the field of vision at all magnifications of stereomicroscopes. The main improvement of this new model is positioning of the guiding knobs for rotating around two of the axes next to each other, allowing faster and easier manipulation of the studied object. Thus, one of the main advantages of this device is the possibility to rotate the specimen without the need to refocus. The device enables easily reaching a precession deviation in the intersection point of axes up to 0.5 mm in the process of assembling

A universal microscope manipulator Um manipulador microscópico universal

A modified and improved model of a mechanical manipulator for observation of pinned and mounted insects is described. This device allows movement of the observed object around three perpendicular axes in the field of vision at all magnifications of stereomicroscopes. The main improvement of this new model is positioning of the guiding knobs for rotating around two of the axes next to each other, allowing faster and easier manipulation of the studied object. Thus, one of the main advantages of this device is the possibility to rotate the specimen without the need to refocus. The device enables easily reaching a precession deviation in the intersection point of axes up to 0.5 mm in the process of assembling.<br>Um modelo modificado e melhorado de um manipulador mecânico para observação de insetos fixados e montados é descrito. Este dispositivo permite o movimento do objeto observado em torno de três eixos perpendiculares no campo de visão para todas as ampliações do microscópio. A principal melhoria deste novo modelo é o posicionamento dos botões de rotação em torno dos dois eixos ao lado do outro, permitindo uma rápida e fácil manipulação do objeto estudado. Assim, uma das principais vantagens deste dispositivo é a possibilidade de girar o espécime sem a necessidade de mudar o foco. O dispositivo permite facilmente chegar a um desvio de precisão no ponto de interseção dos eixos de até 0,5 mm no processo de montagem