63 research outputs found
Avantgardetaiteen kohtalo kansallissosialistisessa Saksassa : modernismiin ja modernisteihin kohdistuneet puhdistustoimet vuosina 1933-37
Only abstract. Paper copies of masterâs theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of masterâs theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmĂ€. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnĂ€ytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet pĂ„ nĂ€tet eller endast tillgĂ€ngliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan vuosiadan vaihteen jĂ€lkeen syntyneen modernistisen taiteen ja taiteilijoiden joutumista puhdistusten kohteeksi kansallissosialistisen liikkeen noustua valtaan Saksassa vuonna 1933. Modernistiseen taiteeseen kohdistunut voimakas vastustus konservatiivisissa piireissĂ€ oli osa torjuntareaktiota, joka kohdistui modernin aikakauden murroksen eri muotoihin. KiihkeÀÀ vastustusta oli esiintynyt jo keisariajalla ennen ensimmĂ€istĂ€ maailmasotaa sekĂ€ Weimarin tasavallassa 1920-luvulla. Saatuaan vallan kĂ€siinsĂ€, kansallissosialistit suorittivat puhdistusaallon vuonna 1933, jossa museoita ja kulttuurilaitoksia puhdistettiin niin modernistisista teoksista kuin niitĂ€ suosivista virkamiehistĂ€kin. Puhdistus ei mittavan vastustuksen vuoksi kuitenkaan ollut tĂ€ydellinen, joten se sai jatkoa Hitlerin kiristĂ€essĂ€ taidepoliittista linjaansa vuodesta 1936 alkaen, jolloin alkoi ns. toinen puhdistusaalto. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittÀÀ mitĂ€ syitĂ€ oli juuri modernismin joutumiseen hirmuhallinnon vainon kohteeksi sekĂ€ millainen dynamiikka vallitsi sitĂ€ prosessia, joka johti puolueen taidepolitiikan muotoutumiseen ja lopulta modernistisen taiteen puhdistamiseen museoista, gallerioista ja kokoelmista sekĂ€ modernistien ajamiseen sisĂ€iseen tai ulkoiseen maanpakoon. LisĂ€ksi tarkastelen prosessin, erityisesti siihen sisĂ€ltyneen propagandan luonnetta. Tutkimuksen punaisena lankana kulkee holocaustia tutkineen historioitsija Raul Hilbergin malli kansanmurhan toteuttamisesta. Olen kĂ€yttĂ€nyt Hilbergin mallia soveltuvin osin valottaakseni modernismin vainon prosessin takana piilevÀÀ logiikkaa. TyössĂ€ni olen kĂ€yttĂ€nyt aikaisempaa tutkimusta esitellessĂ€ni syitĂ€ modernismin joutumiseen vainon kohteeksi. Sosiologi Zygmunt Baumanin teos Dialektik der Ordnung, die Moderne und der Holocaust puolestaan on antanut ajattelun apuvĂ€lineet vainon prosessin hahmottamiseen. TĂ€rkeimpinĂ€ lĂ€hteinĂ€ni olen kĂ€yttĂ€nyt Kansallissosialistisen Saksan propagandaministeriön kirjoittamisohjeita lehdistölle, jotka luovat kuvaa siitĂ€, millĂ€ tavoin propagandaa pantiin toimeen. Saksan kielletyn sosialidemokraattisen puolueen teettĂ€mĂ€t mielialaraportit vuosilta 1934-40 puolestaan valottavat propagandan tehoa ja vastaanottoa sekĂ€ yleisiĂ€ mielialoja kansan keskuudessa. Propagandaministeri Joseph Goebbelsin 1920-luvulla perustaman Der Angriff âlehden vuosikerrat osoittavat, mitĂ€ propaganda kĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€ oli, ja Joseph Goebbelsin pĂ€ivĂ€kirjat kertovat vainon toteuttamisesta vainoajan nĂ€kökulmasta. Tutkielma osoittaa, ettĂ€ modernismin joutumiseen vainon kohteeksi oli osittain esteettiset mutta ennen kaikkea poliittiset syyt. Kansallisosialismin tutkimuksen intentionalistisen tulkinnan mukaisesti Hitler pani toimeen sellaisen kulttuuripolitiikan kuin mitĂ€ hĂ€n oli Mein Kampf âteoksessaan julistanut. Sen hĂ€n teki vĂ€hittĂ€isesti vieden prosessin loppuun, kun tunsi asemansa olevan siihen riittĂ€vĂ€n vahva. HĂ€n oli siis vahva johtaja taiteen kentĂ€llĂ€. Toisaalta funktionalistisen tulkinnan mukaan modernismin kohtaloon vaikutti radikalisoivasti korkeimpien natsijohtajien keskinĂ€inen taistelu vallasta ja Hitlerin suosiosta, mikĂ€ terĂ€vöitti heidĂ€n toimiaan. NĂ€in modernismi ajautui lopulta vuosina 1936-37 lopullisesti paitsioon Joseph Goebbelsin siirtyessĂ€ Hitlerin linjalle turvatakseen asemansa puolueen hierarkiassa
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Point-of-care testing for <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> IgG/IgM using <i>Toxoplasma</i> ICT IgG-IgM test with sera from the United States and implications for developing countries
Background: Congenital toxoplasmosis is a serious but preventable and treatable disease. Gestational screening facilitates early detection and treatment of primary acquisition. Thus, fetal infection can be promptly diagnosed and treated and outcomes can be improved. Methods: We tested 180 sera with the Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM point-of-care (POC) test. Sera were from 116 chronically infected persons (48 serotype II; 14 serotype I-III; 25 serotype I-IIIa; 28 serotype Atypical, haplogroup 12; 1 not typed). These represent strains of parasites infecting mothers of congenitally infected children in the U.S. 51 seronegative samples and 13 samples from recently infected persons known to be IgG/IgM positive within the prior 2.7 months also were tested. Interpretation was confirmed by two blinded observers. A comparison of costs for POC vs. commercial laboratory testing methods was performed. Results: We found that this new Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM POC test was highly sensitive (100%) and specific (100%) for distinguishing IgG/IgM-positive from negative sera. Use of such reliable POC tests can be cost-saving and benefit patients. Conclusions: Our work demonstrates that the Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM test can function reliably as a point-of-care test to diagnose Toxoplasma gondii infection in the U.S. This provides an opportunity to improve maternal-fetal care by using approaches, diagnostic tools, and medicines already available. This infection has serious, lifelong consequences for infected persons and their families. From the present study, it appears a simple, low-cost POC test is now available to help prevent morbidity/disability, decrease cost, and make gestational screening feasible. It also offers new options for improved prenatal care in low- and middle-income countries.</p
Point-of-Care Testing for Toxoplasma Gondii IgG/IgM Using Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM Test with Sera from the United States and Implications for Developing Countries
Background
Congenital toxoplasmosis is a serious but preventable and treatable disease. Gestational screening facilitates early detection and treatment of primary acquisition. Thus, fetal infection can be promptly diagnosed and treated and outcomes can be improved.
Methods
We tested 180 sera with the Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM point-of-care (POC) test. Sera were from 116 chronically infected persons (48 serotype II; 14 serotype I-III; 25 serotype I-IIIa; 28 serotype Atypical, haplogroup 12; 1 not typed). These represent strains of parasites infecting mothers of congenitally infected children in the U.S. 51 seronegative samples and 13 samples from recently infected persons known to be IgG/IgM positive within the prior 2.7 months also were tested. Interpretation was confirmed by two blinded observers. A comparison of costs for POC vs. commercial laboratory testing methods was performed.
Results
We found that this new Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM POC test was highly sensitive (100%) and specific (100%) for distinguishing IgG/IgM-positive from negative sera. Use of such reliable POC tests can be cost-saving and benefit patients.
Conclusions
Our work demonstrates that the Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM test can function reliably as a point-of-care test to diagnose Toxoplasma gondii infection in the U.S. This provides an opportunity to improve maternal-fetal care by using approaches, diagnostic tools, and medicines already available. This infection has serious, lifelong consequences for infected persons and their families. From the present study, it appears a simple, low-cost POC test is now available to help prevent morbidity/disability, decrease cost, and make gestational screening feasible. It also offers new options for improved prenatal care in low- and middle-income countries
Publisher Correction: Toxoplasma Modulates Signature Pathways of Human Epilepsy, Neurodegeneration & Cancer.
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper
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240th ENMC workshop: the involvement of skeletal muscle stem cells in the pathology of muscular dystrophies 25 -27 January 2019, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
Satellite cells are dysfunctional in several neuromuscular disorders.
Some muscles are more susceptible than others to disease and ageing.
In vitro and in vivo model systems have shed light on many of the processes involved.
in satellite cell function and dysfunction, but the drawbacks of each model system must
be considered.
Skeletal muscle pathology in mouse models of neuromuscular disease are affected by
genetic background.
A single cell approach will be useful to identify dysfunction in subsets of cell
populations
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Auditory brain-stem responses in hydrocephalic patients
Auditory brain-stem response (ABR) was measured in 40 patients (80 ears) with confirmed hydrocephalus. Eighty-eight percent of these patients showed some form of ABR abnormality. Responses indicative of brain-stem dysfunction consisted of prolonged IâV interwave latency (38%), reduced V/I amplitude ratio (33%), and abnormalities in wave-shape of components III (27%) and V (53%). In addition, 70% of the patients had elevated ABR thresholds; 45% had responses in excess of 20 dB HL and the remaining 25% had no ABR activity. The etiology of the hydrocephalus, head circumference and brain-stem symptoms were not associated with particular ABR abnormalities. Communicating hydrocephalus correlated significantly with both prolonged IâV conduction time and absence of ABR activity, compared with non-communicating hydrocephalus. Four of the 9 patients retested showed ABR improvement on follow-up; one patient showed deterioration.
The results were compared to our prior studies of ABR in 60 post-meningitic patients and in 100 severely neurologically impaired institutionalized children in whom the incidence of intrinsic brain-stem abnormalities was one-third and two-thirds that of the hydrocephalic group, respectively.
The results of this study suggest that ABR can be used to document clinically unsuspected brain-stem pathology that may accompany hydrocephalus. Auditory brain-stem dysfunction is likely to complicate the assessment of hearing sensitivity in hydrocephalic patients.
La rĂ©ponse auditive du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral (RATC) a Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©e chez 40 patients (80 oreilles) hydrocĂ©phales confirmĂ©s. Quatre-vingt-huit pourcent de ces patients ont prĂ©sentĂ© des anomalies de ces rĂ©ponses. Celles-ci, indiquant un dysfunctionement du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral prĂ©sentaient: une augmenatation de la latence interondes IâV (38%), une diminution du rapport des amplitudes V/I (33%), des anomalies de la forme d'onde des composantes III (27%) et V (53%). De plus, 70% des patients ont prĂ©sentĂ© un seuil Ă©levĂ© pour ces rĂ©ponses; 45% avaient des rĂ©ponses Ă des valeurs supĂ©rieures de 20 dB HL et les autres 25% n'avaient pas d'activitĂ© RATC. L'Ă©tiologie de l'hydrocĂ©phalie, le pĂ©rimĂ©tre crĂąnien, et les symptmÌes du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral n'Ă©taient pas associĂ©s Ă des anomalies particuliĂ©res de la RATC. L'hydrocĂ©phalie communicate Ă©tait corrĂ©lĂ©e de façon significative avec Ă la fois l'augmentation sence d'activitĂ© RATC, contrairement Ă l'hydrocĂ©phalie non communicante. Quatres des 9 patients testĂ©s Ă nouveau ont prĂ©sentĂ© une amĂ©lioration subsĂ©quente de leur RATC; un patient en revanche a prĂ©sentĂ© une dĂ©tĂ©rioration.
Les résultats ont été comparés avec nos études précédentes sur la RATC chez 60 patients ayant été atteints d'une méningite et chez 100 enfants sévÚrement atteints neurologiquement et hospitalisés, chez lesquels l'indicidence des anomalies intrinséques du tronc cérébral étaient respectivement de
1
3
et
2
3
de celle du groupe des hydrocéphales.
Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude suggĂ©rent que la RATC peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e pour dĂ©celer cliniquement une pathologie du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral non suspectĂ©e qui peut accompagner l'hydrocĂ©phalie. Le dysfonctionnement des structures auditives du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral pourrait compliquer l'Ă©valuation de la sensibilitĂ© auditive chez les patients hydrocĂ©pahales
SMAD signaling drives heart and muscle dysfunction in a Drosophila model of muscular dystrophy
Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding dystrophin and the associated membrane proteins, the sarcoglycans, produce muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy. The dystrophin complex provides stability to the plasma membrane of striated muscle during muscle contraction. Increased SMAD signaling due to activation of the transforming growth factor-ÎČ (TGFÎČ) pathway has been described in muscular dystrophy; however, it is not known whether this canonical TGFÎČ signaling is pathogenic in the muscle itself. Drosophila deleted for the Îł/ÎŽ-sarcoglycan gene (Sgcd) develop progressive muscle and heart dysfunction and serve as a model for the human disorder. We used dad-lacZ flies to demonstrate the signature of TGFÎČ activation in response to exercise-induced injury in Sgcd null flies, finding that those muscle nuclei immediately adjacent to muscle injury demonstrate high-level TGFÎČ signaling. To determine the pathogenic nature of this signaling, we found that partial reduction of the co-SMAD Medea, homologous to SMAD4, or the r-SMAD, Smox, corrected both heart and muscle dysfunction in Sgcd mutants. Reduction in the r-SMAD, MAD, restored muscle function but interestingly not heart function in Sgcd mutants, consistent with a role for activin but not bone morphogenic protein signaling in cardiac dysfunction. Mammalian sarcoglycan null muscle was also found to exhibit exercise-induced SMAD signaling. These data demonstrate that hyperactivation of SMAD signaling occurs in response to repetitive injury in muscle and heart. Reduction of this pathway is sufficient to restore cardiac and muscle function and is therefore a target for therapeutic reduction
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