Le paysage pour aborder les interactions entre environnement alpin et sociétés

Depuis l’automne 2015, un module « Enjeux paysagers » a été introduit au premier semestre du master universitaire en sciences de l’environnement (MUSE), formation interdisciplinaire et interfacultaire de l’université de Genève (Suisse). Ce nouveau module intervient au cours d’une première étape d’initiation à l’interdisciplinarité et d’immersion aux thématiques de l’environnement. Ce texte revient sur cette expérience pédagogique, dans un esprit réflexif partagé par les auteurs, tous intervenants dans le MUSE, et issus de différentes disciplines. Le paysage est placé ici comme « notion-laboratoire » pour favoriser les ponts entre les disciplines enseignées et améliorer la mise en avant d’une interdisciplinarité, voire d’une transdisciplinarité, entre sciences de la société et sciences naturelles et exactes.In the autumn of 2015, a module entitled “Landscape Issues” (in French, “Enjeux paysagers”) was introduced in the first semester of the University Master of Environmental Sciences (in French, Master Universitaire en Sciences de l’Environnement, MUSE), an interdisciplinary and interfaculty training course at Geneva University (Switzerland). This new module is part of a first stage in the initiation to the interdisciplinary study of environmental themes. The article describes this teaching experiment in a reflective mode shared by the authors, all of whom are teachers of different disciplines and work in the MUSE programme. The landscape is positioned here as a “laboratory-concept” for fostering links between the disciplines taught and promoting interdisciplinarity, or transdisciplinarity, between social, natural and exact sciences

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in detention settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2018 Baggio, Fructuoso, Guimaraes, Fois, Golay, Heller, Perroud, Aubry, Young, Delessert, Gétaz, Tran and Wolff. Background: Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among people living in detention (PLD) corresponding to a five- to ten-fold increase compared to the general population. Our main study objective was to provide an updated ADHD prevalence rate for PLD, including PLD in psychiatric units. Sub-objectives included (i) comparing different ways of assessing ADHD, including DSM-5 criteria and (ii) identifying which types of PLD are more likely to have ADHD. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines and the MOOSE checklist. PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Sciences were searched combining "ADHD" and "prison" keywords and synonyms for articles published between January 1, 1966 and January 2, 2018. Potential sources of variation to the meta-analytic ADHD prevalence rate were investigated using meta-regressions and subgroups analyses. Results: The meta-analysis pooled 102 original studies including 69,997 participants. The adult ADHD prevalence rate was 26.2% (95% confidence interval: 22.7-29.6). Retrospective assessments of ADHD in childhood were associated with an increased prevalence estimate (41.1, 95% confidence interval: 34.9-47.2, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence estimate between screenings and clinical interviews in adulthood. Only three studies used the DSM-5 definition of ADHD and results were non-significantly different with other DSM versions. We found no difference according to participants' characteristics. Conclusion: Our results confirmed the high prevalence rate of ADHD among PLD, corresponding to a five-fold increase compared to the general population. In light of such high ADHD prevalence, our results reinforce the importance of addressing this critical public health issue by (i) systematically offering ADHD screening and diagnosis to all individuals entering detention, and (ii) delivering treatment, monitoring, and care for ADHD during and after detention. These strategies may help reduce recidivism and reincarceration, as well as violence in detention settings, in addition to improving the health and wellbeing of people living in detention. Additionally, our study suggests that using screening scales may be a reliable way of assessing ADHD, although caution is needed because a complete evaluation by an experienced clinician is required to provide a formal diagnosis

Malt1 protease inactivation efficiently dampens immune responses but causes spontaneous autoimmunity.

The protease activity of the paracaspase Malt1 has recently gained interest as a drug target for immunomodulation and the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. To address the consequences of Malt1 protease inactivation on the immune response in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive C472A mutant of Malt1 that conserves its scaffold function. Like Malt1-deficient mice, knock-in mice had strong defects in the activation of lymphocytes, NK and dendritic cells, and the development of B1 and marginal zone B cells and were completely protected against the induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Malt1 inactivation also protected the mice from experimental induction of colitis. However, Malt1 knock-in mice but not Malt1-deficient mice spontaneously developed signs of autoimmune gastritis that correlated with an absence of Treg cells, an accumulation of T cells with an activated phenotype and high serum levels of IgE and IgG1. Thus, removal of the enzymatic activity of Malt1 efficiently dampens the immune response, but favors autoimmunity through impaired Treg development, which could be relevant for therapeutic Malt1-targeting strategies

Renforcer la coopération internationale dans le domaine de l'information documentaire: création d'une antenne de référence à la HEG-Genève : recherche de soutien auprès de la Direction du développement et de la coopération (DDC)

Depuis plusieurs années, de nombreuses actions de coopération dans le cadre de l’information documentaire (ID) sont menées depuis la Suisse, notamment envers des pays d’Afrique et d’Amérique du Sud. Ces projets sont très variés et vont de la création de bibliothèques ou de centres de documentation à la formation de professionnels en ID, en passant par la formation à l’utilisation des ordinateurs et la fourniture d’accès à Internet. Ces initiatives ont un point commun : elles visent à offrir l’accès à l’information sous ses formes les plus diverses au plus grand nom-bre. Cependant, toutes ces actions ne sont que peu ou pas coordonnées entre elles. De plus, elles sont menées soit par des institutions plus ou moins recon-nues, soit par des individus sur leur propre initiative. A l’occasion du Sommet mondial sur la société de l’information (SMSI), les profes-sionnels de l’information ont pris conscience de l’absence de coordination entre les différents projets de coopération en ID et des conséquences que celle-ci entraine : lenteur des démarches, erreurs répétées, etc. C’est dans le but d’améliorer cette situation que le SLIR a élaboré le sujet de notre travail de diplôme. Nous avons donc été mandatées pour valoriser et renforcer les actions de coopération internationale dans le domaine de l’ID

Le paysage pour aborder les interactions entre environnement alpin et sociétés : retour sur une expérience pédagogique menée à l'université de Genève(Suisse)

In the autumn of 2015, a module entitled «Landscape Issues» (in French, Enjeux paysagers) was introduced in the first semester of the University Master of Environmental Sciences (in French, Master Universitaire en Sciences de l'Environnement, MUSE), an interdisciplinary and interfaculty training course at Geneva University (Switzerland). This new module is part of a first stage in the initiation to the interdisciplinary study of environmental themes. The article describes this teaching experiment in a reflective mode shared by the authors, all of whom are teachers of different disciplines and work in the MUSE programme. The landscape is positioned here as a «laboratory-concept» for fostering links between the disciplines taught and promoting interdisciplinarity, or transdisciplinarity, between social, natural and exact sciences

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a neglected psychiatric disease in prison: Call for identification and treatment

Mis-diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important public health concern because the disease is treatable, yet can have a disastrous effect on the life of those affected. ADHD is associated with delinquency, criminality, and recidivism; and thus, people living in detention are especially at risk of having ADHD. This study investigated prevalence rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in prison. Data were collected in a Swiss prison (n=158). Medical files were screened for ADHD clinical diagnosis and treatment, and participants completed five items assessing ADHD symptomatology (ASRS-5). We computed prevalence rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, 1.9% [95% CI: 1.1%–5.8%] of the participants had a clinical diagnosis of ADHD in medical files. Nobody received ADHD treatment. For the self-reported questionnaire, 12.9% [95% CI: 8.5%–19.2%] of the participants met the cut-off and were screened as potentially having ADHD. This study suggested that ADHD was under-diagnosed and under-treated in prison, with a lower prevalence rate according to the medical files of the participants in comparison with self-reports and with the worldwide meta-analytic prevalence rate of 26.2%. ADHD should receive more attention in order to promote health equity between incarcerated and general populations, to reduce health (care) disparities, and to enhance rehabilitation following incarceration

Does the Continuous Performance Test Predict ADHD Symptoms Severity and ADHD Presentation in Adults?

Objective: Our study aimed to provide empirical evidence on the usefulness of one of the most popular neuropsychological tests, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), as a marker of ADHD severity and presentations among adults. Method: ADHD participants were recruited in a specialized center for the diagnosis and treatment of adults suffering from ADHD (n = 201). Measures included the CPT3™ and ADHD symptoms using a clinical interview and self-reported measures. Results: Only 51.7% of the participants were classified as likely to have a disorder characterized by attention deficit, such as ADHD, by the CPT. The relationships between CPT variables and ADHD symptoms were small. The classification error was 80.3% for the inattentive presentation and 22.5% for the hyperactive presentation when using the CPT to identify ADHD presentations. Conclusion: There was no evidence of the clinical utility of the CPT to assess or monitor ADHD in adult populations diagnosed and treated for ADHD

Associations of executive and functional outcomes with full-score intellectual quotient among ADHD adults

Associations between executive and functional impairment, intelligence, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been scarcely investigated among adult populations and lead to inconsistent results. This study tested the impact of intellectual level on executive and functional impairment in a clinical sample of adults diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were recruited in a specialized center for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD (n=66, mean age=27.9 ± 10.8). Measures included intellectual quotient (IQ, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) categorized as ≤110 or >110, the continuous performance test (CPT3TM), grade retention, educational attainment, and having an activity (job or studies). Participants with a higher IQ had significantly better functional outcomes than participants with a standard IQ: higher educational attainment, lower grade retention, and often having an activity. Participants with higher IQ performed significantly better on all CPT variables assessing executive functioning. Intelligence seemed to work as a protective factor for executive and functional outcomes in a clinical population of ADHD adults and might reduce long-lasting detrimental consequences in life

Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview

The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) are often used to screen for pathological narcissism but have rarely been validated against a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Our study evaluated the convergent validity of the PNI and NPI against a diagnostic interview for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in a clinical population. We used data from a psychiatric outpatient center located in Switzerland (n = 123). Correlations between PNI/NPI and NPD ranged between .299 and .498 (common variance 9.0–24.8%). The PNI and NPI should be used carefully to screen for NPD. We highlight a need to increase the compatibility between the conceptual under-pinnings of the PNI, NPI and NP

Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview

The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) are often used to screen for pathological narcissism but have rarely been validated against a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Our study evaluated the convergent validity of the PNI and NPI against a diagnostic interview for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in a clinical population. We used data from a psychiatric outpatient center located in Switzerland (n = 123). Correlations between PNI/NPI and NPD ranged between .299 and .498 (common variance 9.0–24.8%). The PNI and NPI should be used carefully to screen for NPD. We highlight a need to increase the compatibility between the conceptual underpinnings of the PNI, NPI and NPD