Www.airqualitynow.eu, a common website and air quality indices to compare cities across europe

International audienceAir quality is a public concern. This is partly due to the "right to know" principle embodied in European legislation. Despite this common legislation, the way air quality is being interpreted and communicated differs considerably. For specialists raw monitoring data for Europe are available but these are not usable by the general public. Easy to understand and internationally comparable air quality information from one city to another is scarce: there are almost as many air quality indices as air quality monitoring networks. The CITEAIR II project (Common information to European Air, INTERREG IVc) facilitates the comparison of urban air quality in near real-time by introducing common air quality indices at hourly, daily and annual scales and by developing a forecast for those indices for D+0 and D+1.The implementation was based on a common website www.airqualitynow.eu using readily available simple IT-solutions. This paper describes those tools which both aimed at presenting the air quality of the participating cities in a comparable way and not to replace more targeted local information. Their added value is to provide, for the first time, a European and comparable picture of the air quality in near real-time easily accessible through a common platform and presentation of the results. The website is designed to receive and display data from any city wanting to join. The main part is dedicated to compare the cities index values using different time scales (hourly, daily or annual) and two types of exposure thanks to a background and a traffic index. In addition, space is offered to cities for presenting themselves according to a common template, providing background information on their specific air pollution situation and associated reduction measures. Participating is easy: cities upload their data through ftp and the indices calculations are automatically made. The website provides a dynamic picture of the air quality and is updated each hour enticing viewers to make repeated visits. However, participation with only a daily update or with yearly data is feasible as wel

Sulconazole inhibits PD-1 expression in immune cells and cancer cells malignant phenotype through NF-κB and calcium activity repression

The overexpression of the immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD1) on T-cells is involved in immune evasion in cancer. The use of anti-PD-1/PDL-1 strategy has deeply changed the therapies of cancers and patient survival. However, their efficacy diverges greatly along with tumor type and patient populations. Thereby, novel treatments are needed to interfere with the anti-tumoral immune responses and propose an adjunct therapy. In the current study, we found that the antifungal drug Sulconazole (SCZ) inhibits PD-1 expression on activated PBMCs and T cells at the RNA and protein levels. SCZ repressed NF-κB and calcium signaling, both, involved in the induction of PD-1. Further analysis revealed cancer cells treatment with SCZ inhibited their proliferation, and migration and ability to mediate tumor growth in zebrafish embryos. SCZ found also to inhibit calcium mobilization in cancer cells. These results suggest the SCZ therapeutic potential used alone or as adjunct strategy to prevent T-cell exhaustion and promotes cancer cell malignant phenotype repression in order to improve tumor eradication.The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by La Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, Planet Vegetal, Ligue Contre le cancer and INSERM.Peer reviewe

Faire ses courses à l’heure du drive : vers une diversification de l’approvisionnement des ménages ?

International audienc

Faire ses courses au drive : nouveaux lieux et nouvelles pratiques d'achats ?

International audienc

Internet shopping for Everyday Consumer Goods: An examination of the purchasing and travel practices of click and pickup outlet customers

International audienceThe rapid spread of click and pickup outlets in France raises questions about the implications on shopping travel behaviours. The article seeks to measure the importance of online shopping for everyday consumer goods (ECG), and to understand offline purchases and travel behaviour of click and pickup customers. The research is based on a survey conducted in 2016 among approximately 600 French households. The profile of click and pickup customers is revealed by a logistic regression. Purchasing practices and the timing of shopping activities are comprehended from cross tabulation and chi-square tests. The results show that despite the widespread use of e-commerce, shopping ECG online remains a minority practice. Using click and pickup outlets allows customers to fine-tune their purchasing, both in terms of organising their time and the retail formats they use. It enables them to adopt diversified purchasing practices that are more in line with the households' schedules and consumption requirements. Our results show that households are still committed to traditional forms of retail, for which travel remains necessary. The implications of online shopping regarding the number of trips must therefore be seen in perspective, even if our findings reveal a reorganisation of shopping, particularly concerning time

Faire ses courses à l’heure du drive : vers un renouvellement des espaces-temps de l’approvisionnement des ménages ?

Grocery shopping is a time-consuming activity that is increasingly seen as a chore by households. Drives, click and collect outlets offered by French food retailers since 2004, make it possible to order groceries on the internet, then collect them from a collection point of the chain. This division into two stages could have consequences on the spatiotemporal organization of grocery shopping and its distribution between the different provisioning formats. To understand these largely unknown questions, the thesis sought to question the process of adoption of e-commerce and the evolution of the spatial and temporal organization of shopping practices that accompanies it, by focusing on French households who use the Drive. The thesis is based on a mixed-methods approach, using a questionnaire survey (with a representative sample of around 600 households) and a series of interviews with 35 households in the Île-de-France region. The thesis sheds light on the profile of Drive customers, both in terms of socio-demographic characteristics as well as regarding pre-existing practices that have enabled the acquisition of know-how useful for Drive purchases. It also illuminates the Drive adoption process and shows that it mainly responds to a need to reduce the spatiotemporal constraints associated with grocery shopping and that biographical events, such as the birth of a child or a move, often play the role of triggers. The thesis also specifies how this new purchasing practice is implemented within households through the analysis of its spatial and temporal organization and its articulation with other provisioning practices. The decoupling between ordering and picking up groceries brings more flexibility to households, and particularly to working women, who can thus reduce the constraints linked to grocery shopping while keeping control over household food supplies. The use of Drive is a flexible practice, sometimes infrequent or temporary, which contributes to a process of gradual diversification of household provisioning practices going hand in hand with its reorganization, in particular with regard to the purchase of fresh produceFaire les courses est une activité coûteuse en temps de plus en plus vécue comme une corvée par les ménages. Les drives, offre de click and collect proposée par la grande distribution alimentaire française depuis 2004, permettent de commander ses courses sur internet, puis de passer les retirer dans un point de collecte de l’enseigne. Ce découpage en deux étapes pourrait avoir des conséquences sur l’organisation spatio-temporelle des courses et leur répartition entre les différents formats d’approvisionnement. Pour appréhender ces questions encore peu étudiées, la thèse propose d’interroger le processus d’adoption du e-commerce et l’évolution de l’organisation spatiale et temporelle des pratiques de courses qui l’accompagne, en s’intéressant plus spécifiquement aux ménages français qui utilisent le drive. Elle mobilise une méthodologie mixte à travers deux enquêtes, l'une par questionnaires auprès d'un échantillon représentatif d’environ 600 ménages, l'autre par entretiens auprès de 35 ménages franciliens. La thèse met en lumière le profil des clients des drives, tant sur le plan des caractéristiques socio-démographiques que sur celui de pratiques préexistantes ayant permis l’acquisition de savoir-faire utiles à l’achat en drive. Elle éclaire également le processus d'adoption du drive et montre qu’il répond principalement à un besoin de diminution des contraintes spatio-temporelles associées aux courses, et que des événements biographiques, tels que la naissance d’un enfant ou un déménagement, jouent souvent le rôle de déclencheurs. La thèse précise également la manière dont cette nouvelle pratique d'achat est mise en œuvre au sein des ménages à travers l'analyse de son organisation spatiale et temporelle et de son articulation avec d’autres pratiques d’approvisionnement. Le découplage entre la commande et le retrait des courses apporte plus de flexibilité aux ménages, et notamment aux femmes actives, qui peuvent ainsi diminuer les contraintes liées aux courses tout en gardant le contrôle sur l'alimentation du ménage. Le recours au drive est une pratique flexible, parfois peu fréquente ou temporaire, qui participe d’un processus de diversification progressive de l’approvisionnement allant de pair avec sa réorganisation, notamment en ce qui concerne l’achat de produits frai

Grocery shopping in the age of click and collect outlets : towards a renewal of spaces and times of household provisioning ?

Faire les courses est une activité coûteuse en temps de plus en plus vécue comme une corvée par les ménages. Les drives, offre de click and collect proposée par la grande distribution alimentaire française depuis 2004, permettent de commander ses courses sur internet, puis de passer les retirer dans un point de collecte de l’enseigne. Ce découpage en deux étapes pourrait avoir des conséquences sur l’organisation spatio-temporelle des courses et leur répartition entre les différents formats d’approvisionnement. Pour appréhender ces questions encore peu étudiées, la thèse propose d’interroger le processus d’adoption du e-commerce et l’évolution de l’organisation spatiale et temporelle des pratiques de courses qui l’accompagne, en s’intéressant plus spécifiquement aux ménages français qui utilisent le drive. Elle mobilise une méthodologie mixte à travers deux enquêtes, l'une par questionnaires auprès d'un échantillon représentatif d’environ 600 ménages, l'autre par entretiens auprès de 35 ménages franciliens. La thèse met en lumière le profil des clients des drives, tant sur le plan des caractéristiques socio-démographiques que sur celui de pratiques préexistantes ayant permis l’acquisition de savoir-faire utiles à l’achat en drive. Elle éclaire également le processus d'adoption du drive et montre qu’il répond principalement à un besoin de diminution des contraintes spatio-temporelles associées aux courses, et que des événements biographiques, tels que la naissance d’un enfant ou un déménagement, jouent souvent le rôle de déclencheurs. La thèse précise également la manière dont cette nouvelle pratique d'achat est mise en œuvre au sein des ménages à travers l'analyse de son organisation spatiale et temporelle et de son articulation avec d’autres pratiques d’approvisionnement. Le découplage entre la commande et le retrait des courses apporte plus de flexibilité aux ménages, et notamment aux femmes actives, qui peuvent ainsi diminuer les contraintes liées aux courses tout en gardant le contrôle sur l'alimentation du ménage. Le recours au drive est une pratique flexible, parfois peu fréquente ou temporaire, qui participe d’un processus de diversification progressive de l’approvisionnement allant de pair avec sa réorganisation, notamment en ce qui concerne l’achat de produits fraisGrocery shopping is a time-consuming activity that is increasingly seen as a chore by households. Drives, click and collect outlets offered by French food retailers since 2004, make it possible to order groceries on the internet, then collect them from a collection point of the chain. This division into two stages could have consequences on the spatiotemporal organization of grocery shopping and its distribution between the different provisioning formats. To understand these largely unknown questions, the thesis sought to question the process of adoption of e-commerce and the evolution of the spatial and temporal organization of shopping practices that accompanies it, by focusing on French households who use the Drive. The thesis is based on a mixed-methods approach, using a questionnaire survey (with a representative sample of around 600 households) and a series of interviews with 35 households in the Île-de-France region. The thesis sheds light on the profile of Drive customers, both in terms of socio-demographic characteristics as well as regarding pre-existing practices that have enabled the acquisition of know-how useful for Drive purchases. It also illuminates the Drive adoption process and shows that it mainly responds to a need to reduce the spatiotemporal constraints associated with grocery shopping and that biographical events, such as the birth of a child or a move, often play the role of triggers. The thesis also specifies how this new purchasing practice is implemented within households through the analysis of its spatial and temporal organization and its articulation with other provisioning practices. The decoupling between ordering and picking up groceries brings more flexibility to households, and particularly to working women, who can thus reduce the constraints linked to grocery shopping while keeping control over household food supplies. The use of Drive is a flexible practice, sometimes infrequent or temporary, which contributes to a process of gradual diversification of household provisioning practices going hand in hand with its reorganization, in particular with regard to the purchase of fresh produc

Drive-in supermarkets in France: what impact on travel ?

Workshop Cluster Nectar 2, E-groceries, digitalization and sustainability: Which governance, planning and regulation mix do our cities need ?, Molde, NORVEGE, 11-/10/2018 - 11/10/201

Pratiques d'approvisionnement des clients des drives. Formats, lieux et moments des courses.

International audienc

Les courses à l’heure d’internet

Based on two surveys carried out in the urban areas of Dijon and Besançon, this article analyzes the relationship between grocery shopping in “drives” (drive-in supermarkets) and mobilities. We show that the use of e-commerce results in a specialization of the “universe of supply” between annoying shopping on one hand and fun shopping on the other hand. Shopping groceries in a drive bring households new flexibilities in terms of places and times of their purchasing practices. It contributes to anchor these practices around the places of residence and work, and their commute