Using Degree-Day Methodology to Ascertain Early Flight Periods of Michigan Butterflies and Skippers

Butterflies and skippers have been collected in Michigan for over 130 years and the accompanying data labels continue to provide significant information. Both collection date and site information for voucher specimens provide the data that is used to ascertain the daily maximum-minimum temperatures for the year in which the specimens were collected. This information may then be used to calculate the degree-day accumulations above a base value over those specific dates. The Michigan Entomological Society - Michigan Lepidoptera Survey (MLS) is a team of lepidopterists who have endeavored to create a composite database of all voucher specimens in museum and private collections, published data, and submitted data, as well as from surveys conducted throughout the state. This composite data set was used to formulate a first generation of early flight periods of Michigan butterflies and skippers. Accumulated degree-days for predicting the emergence/dispersal and thus the first early flight period are presented for Michigan butterfly and skipper species and subspecies

Digital Dissemination Platform of Transportation Engineering Education Materials Founded in Adoption Research

INE/AUTC 14.0

Duplicating RTP streams

Packet loss is undesirable for real-time multimedia sessions but can occur due to a variety of reasons including unplanned network outages. In unicast transmissions, recovering from such an outage can be difficult depending on the outage duration, due to the potentially large number of missing packets. In multicast transmissions, recovery is even more challenging as many receivers could be impacted by the outage. For this challenge, one solution that does not incur unbounded delay is to duplicate the packets and send them in separate redundant streams, provided that the underlying network satisfies certain requirements. This document explains how Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) streams can be duplicated without breaking RTP or RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) rule

Model problem

Our purpose in examining this test problem is to measure directly the effect of mesh refinement and the resulting mesh interfaces on a known wave that is sensitive to phase errors, while concurrently being able to visually display a meaningful picture of the effects of the refinement induced error on the solution. The refined mesh must be able to adequately capture the diffraction behavior, so that the plane wave front bends as it passes through the slit. Given that the coarse and refined meshes are sufficiently accurate, the phase errors introduced during the problem solution will be a function of th sound speed on the two grids plus the coarse/refined grid interaction errors