Scelta del topic e codificazione anaforica nelle composizioni argomentative in ceco L2

Questa ricerca si situa nell\u2019ambito degli studi sull\u2019acquisizione delle abilit\ue0 testuali e presenta i risultati delle indagini preliminari del progetto Wrilab2, Laboratorio online di lettura e scrittura in ceco, italiano, sloveno e tedesco come L2. Essa si concentra su uno degli aspetti ritenuti pi\uf9 complessi nella scrittura in L2, l\u2019organizzazione dell\u2019informazione, e intende verificare eventuali divergenzenella scelta del topic di frase e dei mezzi per codificarne la ripresa anaforica in composizioni argomentative scritte in ceco L1 e in ceco L2. La nostra indagine prende avvio dalla presentazione dei due corpora utilizzati (CzeSl - Czech as a Second Language with Spelling, Grammar and Tags per le composizioni di ceco come L2 e \u10cesk\ufd jazyk Literatura aneb studentsk\ufd underground per le composizioni di ceco L1), per poi passare alla definizione del concetto di topic e ai criteri utilizzati per la sua identificazione. Viene dunque illustrato il fenomeno dell\u2019anafora e presentato il confronto della distribuzione dei mezzi linguistici utilizzati per marcare l\u2019anafora dagli studenti di ceco L1 e L2

Progressioni tematiche nell\u2019interlingua: studio longitudinale sull\u2019acquisizione della abilit\ue0 di scrittura in ceco L2

The research presented in this paper has been realized in the framework of Wrilab2, (www.wrilab2.eu), an European LLP project co-financed by the European Commission for the period 2014-2016 and aimed at creating an on-line reading and writing laboratory for Czech, German, Italian and Slovenian as L2. The present study is realized in the framework of the Angela Ferarri\u2019s textual theory (2004, 2005, 2008, 2009) and it aims at analyzing the linguistic means that realize the Frame of the utterance in 20 argumentative compositions written in Czech L2 (level B1 and B2), taken from the website www.merlin.eu. The results of the analysis show that while in B1 compositions the Frame fulfills mostly a denotative function, being expressed by spatial and temporal specifications, in B2 compositions it is expressed by a richer variety of linguistic means and fulfills more textual functions (structuration, connection, hierarchization). The only function that lacks in B2 compositions in contrast to the compositions written by mother tongues, is the Topic isolation realized by expressions such as ohledn\u11b \u2018concerning\u2019. As far as the use of hypotaxis is concerned, B1 writers use less hypotaxtic structures then B2 writers and lack deranked forms, such as nominalizations and participles

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Praziquantel Hemihydrate in the Presence of Five Solvents with Different Water Miscibility

In this study, we report the mechanochemical synthesis of praziquantel hemihydrate in the presence of five solvents with different water miscibility. The commercially available praziquantel Form A (a racemic anhydrate structure) was ground in the presence of several water–solvent mixtures using two grinding procedures (i.e., direct liquid-assisted grinding and neat grinding plus liquidassisted grinding). Five organic solvents (i.e., acetic acid, 2-pyrrolidone, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane) were chosen considering their different miscibility with water and their capability to form solvates with praziquantel (documented for acetic acid and 2-pyrrolidone). The results suggested that the use of a second solvent has a detrimental effect on the formation of the hemihydrate. The inclusion of water in the solid is even worse in the case of water-miscible solvents, probably due to the favored interactions between the liquids. In fact, hexane is the only solvent permitting the mechanochemical crystallization of praziquantel hemihydrate to a limited extent. Importantly, interconversion studies between the hydrate/monosolvate/anhydrous forms revealed a preferential inclusion of solvents over water in the crystal lattice when using acetic acid or 2-pyrrolidone and complete dehydration of the hemihydrate and conversion in the most thermodynamically stable polymorph A of praziquantel with ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane

Praziquantel Fifty Years on: A Comprehensive Overview of Its Solid State

This review discusses the entire progress made on the anthelmintic drug praziquantel, focusing on the solid state and, therefore, on anhydrous crystalline polymorphs, amorphous forms, and multicomponent systems (i.e., hydrates, solvates, and cocrystals). Despite having been extensively studied over the last 50 years, new polymorphs and the greater part of their cocrystals have only been identified in the past decade. Progress in crystal engineering science (e.g., the use of mechanochemistry as a solid form screening tool and more strategic structure-based methods), along with the development of analytical techniques, including Synchrotron X-ray analyses, spectroscopy, and microscopy, have furthered the identification of unknown crystal structures of the drug. Also, computational modeling has significantly contributed to the prediction and design of new cocrystals by considering structural conformations and interactions energy. Whilst the insights on praziquantel polymorphs discussed in the present review will give a significant contribution to controlling their formation during manufacturing and drug formulation, the detailed multicomponent forms will help in designing and implementing future praziquantel-based functional materials. The latter will hopefully overcome praziquantel’s numerous drawbacks and exploit its potential in the field of neglected tropical diseases

Synthesis of 2-Methyl-3-indolylacetic Derivatives as Anti-Inflammatory Agents That Inhibit Preferentially Cyclooxygenase 1 without Gastric Damage

Novel substituted 2-methyl-3-indolylacetic derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their activity in vitro and in vivo on COX-1 and COX-2. Active compounds were screened to determine their gastrointestinal tolerability in vivo in the rat. Results showed that 3 and 4 preferentially inhibited COX-1 in vitro and in vivo. MD simulations indicated an induced fit for COX-1 but not for COX-2, probably because of a lower plasticity of the latter

Experimental assessment of mixing layer scaling laws in Rayleigh-Taylor instability

We assess experimentally the scaling laws that characterize the mixing region produced by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a confined porous medium. In particular, we wish to assess experimentally the existence of a superlinear scaling for the growth of the mixing region, which was observed in recent two-dimensional simulations. To this purpose, we use a Hele-Shaw cell. The flow configuration consists of a heavy fluid layer overlying a lighter fluid layer, initially separated by a horizontal, flat interface. When small perturbations of concentration and velocity fields occur at the interface, convective mixing is eventually produced: Perturbations grow and evolve into large finger-like convective structures that control the transition from the initial diffusion-dominated phase of the flow to the subsequent convection-dominated phase. As the flow evolves, diffusion acts to reduce local concentration gradients across the interface of the fingers. When the gradients become sufficiently small, the system attains a stably-stratified state and diffusion is again the dominant mixing mechanisms. We employ an optical method to obtain high-resolution measurements of the density fields and we perform experiments for values of the Rayleigh-Darcy number (i.e., the ratio between convection and diffusion) sufficiently large to exhibit all the flow phases just described, which we characterize via the mixing length, a measure of the extension of the mixing region. We are able to confirm that the growth of the mixing length during the convection-dominated phase follows the superlinear scaling predicted by previous simulations

OSSERVAZIONI SULLE TRADUZIONI ITALIANE DELLO ŠVEJK

Sebbene lo scrittore ceco Jaroslav Hašek non avesse aderito ad alcun movimento modernista e non avesse letto Joyce o Stein, il suo romanzo Osudy Dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války ‘Le avventure del bravo soldato Švejk nella Grande Guerra’ (1921-23) può essere considerato un capolavoro dell’epica modernista. Il contributo è dedicato alle tre traduzioni italiane integrali dell’opera, e si propone di analizzare le strategie utilizzate dai traduttori per riprodurre in italiano l’oralità, la commistione di ceco e tedesco, i giochi di parole, i termini militari. Per l’analisi interpretativa ci si appoggia al modello di critica delle traduzioni proposto da L. Hewson (2011), che offre strumenti per valutare se le soluzioni traduttive corrispondano alle interpretazioni suggerite dal testo di partenza

Middle Constructions in Czech and Italian

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About Truth and Possible Worlds: Pavel Tichý and His Logical and Philosophical Research

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