Efeito da presença da insulina-transferrina-selênio (ITS) e L-ácido ascórbico (AA) na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, 2013.Na tentativa de melhorar os índices da produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) em bovinos, várias substâncias têm sido utilizadas na maturação in vitro (MIV) e no cultivo in vitro (CIV). A suplementação com a combinação de insulina-transferrina-selênio (ITS) e o ácido ascórbico (AA) têm sido associada com a redução na produção de radicais livres nos meios de cultivo celular, sendo uma alternativa para melhorar os resultados da PIVE. O presente estudo visou testar o efeito da presença do ITS e AA durante a MIV e/ou CIV na quantidade e qualidade de embriões PIVE. Complexos cumulus-ovócitos (COCs) foram obtidos de ovários de abatedouro, sendo que os provenientes de folículos de 1-3mm e 6-8mm foram dissecados da córtex ovariana e os de 3-8mm obtidos por aspiração folicular. Para avaliar os estágios da meiose os ovócitos foram corados com lacmóide, e para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos na produção de embriões foi avaliada a taxa de clivagem (D2), blastocisto (D7), o tamanho dos embriões com auxílio da câmera Motic Images Plus 3.0 e o número total de células pela coloração HOESCH. Os dados de cinética de maturação, desenvolvimento embrionário, e tamanho dos embriões foram analisados pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado (P0,05). A suplementação do meio com uma associação do ITS e AA por diferentes períodos (12h e 24h) durante a MIV, mostrou que quando realizada nas 12 últimas horas causa um aumento na produção de blastocistos em D7 (51,6%) quando comparado ao grupo controle (39,5%), e aos grupos expostos nas primeiras 12h (40,2%), e nas 24h (41,1%). Apesar do número de células ter sido maior nos embriões do grupo tratado com ITS e AA nas últimas 12h de MIV (143,2±49,9) em relação aos grupos expostos nas primeiras 12h (122,3±46,1), não diferiu (P>0,05) dos grupos controle (131,9±44,7) e do tratado por 24h (124,3±35,3). A cinética de maturação nuclear foi comparada em ovócitos de diferentes competências obtidos de folículos de 1-3 e 6-8mm de diâmetro, e foi observado que as 24h de maturação todos os ovócitos, independente do grupo, tinham completado a meiose sendo que em torno de 90% encontrava-se em estagio de MII. Então, foi investigado o efeito da presença do ITS associado ao AA nas 12 últimas horas da MIV em ovócitos com diferentes graus de competência. O tratamento não afetou (P 0.05) from the control (131.9 ± 44.7) and treated for 24h group (124.3 ± 35.3). The kinetics of nuclear maturation was compared between oocytes of different competence obtained from follicles of 1-3 and 6-8mm diameter, it was observed that the at 24h of maturation every oocyte, around 90% of the oocytes were in MII stage. Then, we investigated the effect of ITS associated with AA in the last 12 hours of IVM in oocytes with different degrees of competence. Treatment did not affect (P<0.05), the cleavage and blastocyst rate when oocytes from follicles 1-3mm were used, being respectively 49.9% and 4.4% and 51.0% and 14.9% for those treated and untreated. It was concluded that the addition of ITS alone did not affect the production of embryos, but when combined with AA in the last 12 hours of maturation improved quantity and quality of embryos produced. Furthermore, the use of AA and ITS during IVM not improve the competence of oocytes from small follicles

Estudos translacionais de novos fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento e regulação do eixo reprodutivo : OSR1 (oddskipped related 1) e MKRN3 (makorin ring finger protein 3)

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2018.CAPÍTULO I: Neste trabalho, foi estudada uma família na qual 3 irmãs apresentaram amenorréia primária por provável alteração na formação dos ductos de Müller (DMs), caracterizada por hipoplasia uterina, endométrio não responsivo a estrógenos e gestações tubárias. Através de sequenciamento exômico amplo seguido por análise genética abrangente foi identificado uma mutação em homozigose no gene Odd-skipped related 1 gene (OSR1), p.V108F. Para esclarecer os efeitos do Osr1 no desenvolvimento dos DMs, foram investigados o padrão de expressão pré-natal e pós-natal de Osr1/Osr1 nos DMs e endométrio, respectivamente, e se a deleção de Osr1 poderia afetar o desenvolvimento dos DMs, através do uso de camundongos geneticamente modificados. Foi demonstrado que o Osr1 é expresso nos DMs e nos ductos de Wolff (DWs) de embriões com 13,5 dias de gestação (E13,5). Curiosamente, os DMs não foram observados no lado esquerdo e estavam truncados rostralmente no lado direito de E13,5 Osr1 -/- nocautes. Após o nascimento, o Osr1 é expresso no útero de camundongos selvagens ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento, com expressão mais acentuada em dois períodos distintos, aos 14 dias pós natais (PND14) e PND28-PND35, que correspondem à adenogênese endometrial e o início da puberdade, respectivamente. No útero adulto, a proteína Osr1 é expressa principalmente nas células epiteliais luminais e glandulares do endométrio, como também no epitélio dos ovidutos, sendo observada menor expressão no estroma endometrial. Através de uma abordagem translacional, demonstramos que OSR1 é um novo candidato entre os fatores moleculares que modulam a formação e diferenciação de estruturas derivadas dos DMs. CAPÍTULO II: No presente estudo, foram investigados comparativamente o padrão de expressão de Mkrn3 no hipotálamo com as gônadas masculinas e femininas. Além disso, foram abordados o padrão de expressão temporo-espacial desta proteína durante o desenvolvimento sexual, e se ela é regulada nos compartimentos testiculares pelas gonadotrofinas. A quantificação por qPCR mostrou que os níveis de mRNA de Mkrn3 foram detectados em testículos e ovários de camundongos selvagens em todas as idades avaliadas, entretanto, o padrão de expressão de Mkrn3 foi dimórfico entre gônadas masculinas e femininas ao longo da vida. Curiosamente, a expressão de Mkrn3 foi maior entre PND28 e PND35 nos testículos, enquanto que nos ovários atingiu os menores níveis durante o mesmo período. Adicionalmente, a coloração de X-gal em cortes de testículos provenientes de camundongos Mkrn3-LacZ adultos mostrou que o Mkrn3 é principalmente localizado no compartimento intersticial, especificamente em células de Leydig, mas também foi detectado nos túbulos seminíferos com menor expressão. Estudos in vitro e in vivo demonstraram que o RNAm de Mkrn3 aumentou em culturas primárias de células de Leydig tratadas com hCG. Além disso, a administração aguda de agonista de GnRH em camundongos selvagens adultos aumentou a expressão de Mkrn3 nos testículos, enquanto a inibição do eixo HPG pela mesma substância administrada de forma crônica levou ao efeito oposto. Por fim, no grupo de animais que receberam injeção de hCG após a inibição do eixo HPG, foi observado aumento na expressão de Mkrn3. Em conjunto, análises de expressão durante o desenvolvimento e estudos in vitro e in vivo mostraram que o Mkrn3 é produzido nos testículos, predominantemente nas células de Leydig, e que sua expressão de RNAm aumenta após a puberdade e é responsiva à ativação do receptor LH/hCG.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF).CHAPTER I: We present a family in which three sisters had a Mullerian Duct (MD) anomaly characterized by uterine hypoplasia, estrogen-unresponsive endometrium, primary amenorrhea, but spontaneous tubal pregnancies. Whole Exome Sequencing followed by comprehensive genetic analysis identified a novel homozygous variant in Odd-skipped related 1 gene (OSR1), p.V108F. To clarify the effects of Osr1 on MD development, we investigated prenatal and postnatal expression patterns of Osr1/Osr1 in the MDs and endometrium, respectively, and whether Osr1 deletion affects MD development, using genetically engineered mice. We showed that Osr1 is expressed in the MDs and Wolffian ducts (WDs) of E13.5 embryos. Interestingly, MDs are absent on the left side, and rostrally truncated on the right side of E13.5 Osr1-/-knockouts. Osr1 is expressed lifelong in WT mice uterus with two distinct peaks at PND14 and PND28-PND35, which correspond to endometrial adenogenesis and puberty initiation, respectively. Osr1 is expressed mainly in endometrial luminal and glandular epithelial cells, and less in stroma, with a high expression in oviduct epithelium. This pair-rule gene plays critical roles on embryonic patterning and tissue morphogenesis. Through a translational approach, we demonstrated that OSR1 is a novel candidate among the molecular factors that modulate the formation and differentiation of MD-derived structures.CHAPTER II: In the present study, we comparatively investigated the behavior of Mkrn3 expression in the hypothalamus versus male and female gonads. We also addressed the temporo-spatial expression pattern of this protein during sexual development, and whether it is regulated in the functional testicular compartments by gonadotropins. Quantification by qPCR showed that Mkrn3 mRNA levels was detected in testes and ovaries of wild-type mice at all ages evaluated, however, the pattern of Mkrn3 expression across lifespan differed between male and female gonads. Interestingly, Mkrn3 expression was highest by PN28 to PN35 in the testes, whereas it reached the nadir at the same postnatal ages in the ovaries. Moreover, X-gal staining of testes sections from adult Mkrn3-LacZ reporter mice showed that Mkrn3 is expressed mainly in the interstitial compartment, specifically in Leydig cells, but was also mildly detected in the seminiferous tubules. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the Mkrn3 mRNA levels increased in hCG-treated Leydig cells primary cultures. Furthermore, the acute administration of LHRH agonist in adult wild-type mice increased Mkrn3 expression in testes and the inhibition of the HPG axis, by chronic administration of LHRH agonist, leads to the opposite effect. Finally, the rescue of Mkrn3 expression was observed in the group of animals that received hCG injection after completing the HPG downregulation phase. Taken together, our developmental expression analyses, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Mkrn3 is produced in the testis, predominantly in the Leydig cells, and that its mRNA expression increases after puberty and is responsive to LH/hCG receptor activation

GQ-16, a TZD-derived partial PPARγ agonist, induces the expression of thermogenesis- related genes in brown fat and visceral white fat and decreases visceral adiposity in obese and hyperglycemic mice

Background Beige adipocytes comprise a unique thermogenic cell type in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of rodents and humans, and play a critical role in energy homeostasis. In this scenario, recruitment of beige cells has been an important focus of interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat obesity. PPARγ activation by full agonists (thiazolidinediones, TZDs) drives the appearance of beige cells, a process so-called browning of WAT. However, this does not translate into increased energy expenditure, and TZDs are associated with weight gain. Partial PPARγ agonists, on the other hand, do not induce weight gain, but have not been shown to drive WAT browning. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of GQ-16 on BAT and on browning of WAT in obese mice. Methods Male Swiss mice with obesity and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet were treated with vehicle, rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg/d) or the TZD-derived partial PPARγ agonist GQ-16 (40 mg/ kg/d) for 14 days. Fasting blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lipid profile were measured. WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots were excised for determination of adiposity, relative expression of Ucp-1, Cidea, Prdm16, Cd40 and Tmem26 by RT-qPCR, histological analysis, and UCP-1 protein expression analysis by immunohistochemistry. Liver samples were also removed for histological analysis and determination of hepatic triglyceride content. Results GQ-16 treatment reduced high fat diet-induced weight gain in mice despite increasing energy intake. This was accompanied by reduced epididymal fat mass, reduced liver triglyceride content, morphological signs of increased BAT activity, increased expression of thermogenesis- related genes in interscapular BAT and epididymal WAT, and increased UCP-1 protein expression in interscapular BAT and in epididymal and inguinal WAT. Conclusion This study suggests for the first time that a partial PPARγ agonist may increase BAT activity and induce the expression of thermogenesis-related genes in visceral WAT. General Significance These findings suggest that PPARγ activity might be modulated by partial agonists to induce WAT browning and treat obesity

Molecular Epidemiology in Amerindians of the Brazilian Amazon Reveals New Genetic Variants in DNA Repair Genes

Native American populations from the Brazilian Amazon have a low genetic diversity and a different genetic profile when compared to people from other continents. Despite this, few studies have been conducted in this group, and there is no description of their genetic data in the various currently existent international databases. The characterization of the genomic profile of a population not only has an impact in studies of population genetics, but also helps to advance diagnostic and therapeutic response studies, leading to the optimization of clinical applicability. Genetic variations in DNA repair genes have been associated with the modulation of susceptibility to various pathologies, as well as in their prognosis and therapy. This is the first study to investigate DNA repair genes in Amerindians from the Brazilian Amazon region. We investigated 13 important DNA repair genes in the exome of 63 Native Americans, comparing our results with those found in 5 continental populations, whose data are available in the Genome Aggregation Database. Our results showed that 57 variants already described in literature were differentially distributed in the Amerindian populations in relation to the continental populations, 7 of which have significant clinical relevance. In addition, 9 new variants were described, suggesting that they are unique to these populations. Our study reinforces the understanding that the Amazonian Native American population presents a unique genetic profile, and our findings may collaborate with the creation of public policies that optimize the quality of life of these groups as well as the Brazilian population, which presents a high degree of interethnic mixing with Amerindian groups

Correlation of Genetic Variants and the Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality Rates of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer during childhood, representing about 30&ndash;35% of cases. Its etiology is complex and not fully understood. ALL is influenced by genetic variants, and their frequencies (Fq) vary in different ethnic groups, which consequently could influence the epidemiology of this cancer worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the genetic variants and their impacts on incidence (IC), mortality (MT), and prevalence (PV) rates of ALL in different world populations. Methods: Sixty variants were selected from the literature with Genome Wide Association studies (GWAS). Information regarding allele Fq was selected from the 1000 Genomes platform. Epidemiological data were taken from the Global Burden of disease visualisations (GBD) Compare website. Statistical analyses were calculated in RStudio v.3.5.1 software. Results: Four variants demonstrated significant results in correlations with epidemiological data for ALL. The PAX5 gene variant (rs2297105) had an indirect relationship with PV and IC of ALL, showing that an increased Fq of this variant is related to low rates of both. An increased Fq of rs915172 in EPB4IL2 gene was also correlated with a lower IC of ALL. The rs1048943 of the CYP1A1 gene and the rs3088440 polymorphism of the CDKN2A gene were shown to have a direct proportional relationship with MT rate, showing that an increased Fq of these variants correlates with a worse prognosis worldwide. Conclusion: Our study points out four important variants for understanding the IC, PV, and MT rates for ALL. The ascertainment of these data may help to choose molecular markers to investigate the susceptibility and prognosis of ALL

OSR1 disruption contributes to uterine factor infertility via impaired Müllerian duct development and endometrial receptivity.

Three sisters, born from consanguineous parents, manifested a unique Müllerian anomaly characterized by uterine hypoplasia with thin estrogen-unresponsive endometrium and primary amenorrhea, but with spontaneous tubal pregnancies. Through whole-exome sequencing followed by comprehensive genetic analysis, a missense variant was identified in the OSR1 gene. We therefore investigated OSR1/OSR1 expression in postpubertal human uteri, and the prenatal and postnatal expression pattern of Osr1/Osr1 in murine developing Müllerian ducts (MDs) and endometrium, respectively. We then investigated whether Osr1 deletion would affect MD development, using WT and genetically engineered mice. Human uterine OSR1/OSR1 expression was found primarily in the endometrium. Mouse Osr1 was expressed prenatally in MDs and Wolffian ducts (WDs), from rostral to caudal segments, in E13.5 embryos. MDs and WDs were absent on the left side and MDs were rostrally truncated on the right side of E13.5 Osr1-/- embryos. Postnatally, Osr1 was expressed in mouse uteri throughout their lifespan, peaking at postnatal days 14 and 28. Osr1 protein was present primarily in uterine luminal and glandular epithelial cells and in the epithelial cells of mouse oviducts. Through this translational approach, we demonstrated that OSR1 in humans and mice is important for MD development and endometrial receptivity and may be implicated in uterine factor infertility

Characterization of PCLO Gene in Amazonian Native American Populations

Genetic variations in PCLO have been associated with different pathologies in global literature, but there are no data regarding this gene in Native American populations. The Amazonian Native American populations have lower genetic diversity and are more different from other continental groups. We investigated 18 genetic variants in the PCLO gene in Amazonian indigenous and compared our results with the ones found in global populations, which were publicly available in the 1000 Genomes Project, gnmAD and ABraOM databases. The results demonstrated that the variants of the PCLO, especially rs17156844, rs550369696, rs61741659 and rs2877, have a significantly higher frequency in Amerindian populations in comparison with other continental populations. These data outline the singular genetic profile of the Native American population from the Brazilian Amazon region