Geleia real e o seu papel no superorganismo Apis mellifera

Nas abelhas da espécie Apis mellifera, tanto as operárias quanto as rainhas se desenvolvem a partir de ovos fertilizados. O alimento que as larvas recebem determinará o seu destino, rainha ou operária. Entretanto, esta simplificação encobre a beleza dos detalhes de um processo muito mais complexo. Por esse motivo, a geleia real tem atraído o interesse de muitos pesquisadores, tanto na área da biologia comportamental quanto na de nutrição de abelhas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho é sintetizar a importância da geleia para os indivíduos que compõem o superorganismo numa colônia de abelhas melíferas, divulgando os estudos mais recentes sobre o tema, bem como sua produção comercial e a situação atual do mercado internacional na comercialização desse produto

Sonodynamic and Photodynamics Used as a Combined Therapy in the Treatment of Malignant Neoplasms: Facts and Open Questions

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) used in combination with sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new approach that aims to increase the effectiveness of tumor treatment when compared to the effect of each independent therapy. PDT is based on stimulating sensitizers with photons, while the most accepted theory for SDT is that sensitizers are stimulated by the sonoluminescence phenomenon. However, after the excitation of the sensitizer, both therapies follow a common path, leading to the generation of free radicals and inducing cell death. One of the positive aspects of this combination is the augmentation of anti-tumor activity with fewer side effects, since cell death may be induced using lower sensitizer concentrations or less exposure to ultrasound or light. Another benefit of combining PDT and SDT, especially with the use of low-frequency ultrasound is the induction of sonophoresis. For instance, on the skin, it may facilitate the absorption of the sensitizer. However, research involving both PDT and SDT exhibit many variants, including differences in irradiation sources and their intensities, among others. These aspects contribute to a lack of standardization, leading to result variations, hindering assessment on the real contribution that these combined therapies can offer in tumor treatment. Thus, further research in the pre-clinical and clinical areas are crucial

Produção de geleia real em colônias com rainhas selecionadas, diferentes manejos e fornecimento de ração

This research was carried out to evaluated the royal jelly production in two genetic groups of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), selected for royal jelly or honey production, submitted to two systems of positions of queen excluder in the nucs, with and without ration supply. 20 colonies selected in overlapped nucs were distributed in completely randomized design. Graftings were put inside the third nuc. It was made 24,180 graftings, and 403 royal jelly collections. The production parameters were: percentage of the larvae accepted in the upper and lower bars, weight of thrown away larvae (mg), royal jelly per cup (mg), and royal jelly per colony (g). Data were analyzed using software Statistical Analysis System. The two genetic groups did not presented a different royal jelly production, but were influenced by the position of queen excluder, and the selected colonies for royal jelly and for honey increased their production in 50.2% and 36.9%, respectively, when handled with the queen confined inside the first nuc. The addition of ration did not improvement in this work.Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar a produção de geleia real em dois grupos genéticos de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) selecionadas para a produção de geleia real e para mel, submetidos a dois sistemas de alocação da tela excluídora, com o fornecimento ou não de ração. Foram utilizadas 20 minirrecrias de três corpos cada, os tratamentos distribuídos aleatoriamente, e as transferências eram colocadas sempre no terceiro corpo. Foram feitas 24.180 transferências de larvas e 403 coletas de geleia real. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem de aceite de larvas nos sarrafos superior e inferior, peso das larvas descartadas (mg), geleia por cúpula (mg), e geleia por colônia/coleta (g). Os dados foram analisados pelo software Statistical Analysis System. Os dois grupos genéticos não produziram geleia real diferente estatisticamente, porém foram influenciados pela posição da tela excluídora, e as colônias selecionadas para produção de geleia real e para mel aumentaram a sua produção de geleia real em 50,2% e 36,9%, respectivamente, quando manejadas com a rainha confinada apenas no primeiro núcleo. A adição de ração não melhorou a produção de geleia real.ix, 24

Performance of Africanized honeybee colonies settled by queens selected for different traits

We evaluated varroa infestation and the performance of Africanized honeybee colonies with queens selected for honey and royal jelly production, and also unselected queens, correlating with climatic variables. In Campo Alegre, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, the experiment I used 10 Langstroth hives and in Mafra, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, the experiment II was performed with 15 Schenk hives. A mapping in areas of sealed and unsealed brood, honey and pollen was carried out on days zero, 45 and 90 days after the introduction of the queen. In the experiment I, there was interaction between the type of queen selection and the evaluation period for areas of sealed brood, honey, and total stored food. The group selected for royal jelly production presented larger sealed brood area and smaller honey area at 90 days. Varroa infestation was lower (p < 0.05) at 90 days. The type of queen selection and the evaluation period influenced the sealed brood area, the total brood and the total area occupied in the colony. The high relative humidity caused greater honey storage for the local group. The different groups of queens presented different behavior according to the environment in which they are settled.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo das propriedades magnéticas de um polímero de coordenação contendo cobalto(II) e cobre(II)

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of two new compounds with ligand opy (N-(2-pyridyl)oxamate): the copper(II) precursor [Me4N]2[Cu(opy)2].5H2O and CoII CuII coordination polymer {[CoCu(opy)2]}n×4nH2O. This latter compound was obtained by reaction of [Me4N]2[Cu(opy)2].5H2O and CoCl2.6H2O in water. The heterobimetallic CoII CuII chain was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and magnetic measurements. Magnetic characterization revealed typical behavior of one-dimensional (1D) ferrimagnetic chain as shown in the curves of temperature (T) dependence of magnetic susceptibility (χM), in the form of χMT versus T, and dependence of magnetization (M) with applied field (H)

Measurement of quarkonium production cross sections in pp collisions at s=\sqrt{s}= 13 TeV

Differential production cross sections of prompt J/ψ and ψ(2S) charmonium and ϒ(nS) ( n=1,2,3 ) bottomonium states are measured in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV , with data collected by the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb$^{−1}$ for the J/ψ and 2.7 fb$^{−1}$ for the other mesons. The five quarkonium states are reconstructed in the dimuon decay channel, for dimuon rapidity |y|<1.2 . The double-differential cross sections for each state are measured as a function of y and transverse momentum, and compared to theoretical expectations. In addition, ratios are presented of cross sections for prompt ψ(2S) to J/ψ , ϒ(2S) to ϒ(1S) , and ϒ(3S) to ϒ(1S) production