Extraction of Flavonoids From Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques

Flavonoids are one of the main groups of polyphenols found in natural products. Traditional flavonoid extraction techniques are being replaced by advanced techniques to reduce energy and solvent consumption, increase efficiency and selectivity, to meet increased market demand and environmental regulations. Advanced technologies, such as microwaves, ultrasound, pressurized liquids, supercritical fluids, and electric fields, are alternatives currently being used. These modern techniques are generally faster, more environmentally friendly, and with higher automation levels compared to conventional extraction techniques. This review will discuss the different methods available for flavonoid extraction from natural sources and the main parameters involved (temperature, solvent, sample quantity, extraction time, among others). Recent trends and their industrial importance are also discussed in detail, providing insight into their potential. Thus, this paper seeks to review the innovations of compound extraction techniques, presenting in each of them their advantages and disadvantages, trying to offer a broader scope in the understanding of flavonoid extraction from different plant matrices

Utilization of mechanical power and associations with clinical outcomes in brain injured patients. a secondary analysis of the extubation strategies in neuro-intensive care unit patients and associations with outcome (ENIO) trial

BackgroundThere is insufficient evidence to guide ventilatory targets in acute brain injury (ABI). Recent studies have shown associations between mechanical power (MP) and mortality in critical care populations. We aimed to describe MP in ventilated patients with ABI, and evaluate associations between MP and clinical outcomes.MethodsIn this preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study (ENIO, NCT03400904), we included adult patients with ABI (Glasgow Coma Scale <= 12 before intubation) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) >= 24 h. Using multivariable log binomial regressions, we separately assessed associations between MP on hospital day (HD)1, HD3, HD7 and clinical outcomes: hospital mortality, need for reintubation, tracheostomy placement, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).ResultsWe included 1217 patients (mean age 51.2 years [SD 18.1], 66% male, mean body mass index [BMI] 26.3 [SD 5.18]) hospitalized at 62 intensive care units in 18 countries. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 139), 44% (n = 536) were extubated by HD7 of which 20% (107/536) required reintubation, 28% (n = 340) underwent tracheostomy placement, and 9% (n = 114) developed ARDS. The median MP on HD1, HD3, and HD7 was 11.9 J/min [IQR 9.2-15.1], 13 J/min [IQR 10-17], and 14 J/min [IQR 11-20], respectively. MP was overall higher in patients with ARDS, especially those with higher ARDS severity. After controlling for same-day pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F ratio), BMI, and neurological severity, MP at HD1, HD3, and HD7 was independently associated with hospital mortality, reintubation and tracheostomy placement. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) was greater at higher MP, and strongest for: mortality on HD1 (compared to the HD1 median MP 11.9 J/min, aRR at 17 J/min was 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.30) and HD3 (1.38, 95% CI 1.23-1.53), reintubation on HD1 (1.64; 95% CI 1.57-1.72), and tracheostomy on HD7 (1.53; 95%CI 1.18-1.99). MP was associated with the development of moderate-severe ARDS on HD1 (2.07; 95% CI 1.56-2.78) and HD3 (1.76; 95% CI 1.41-2.22).ConclusionsExposure to high MP during the first week of MV is associated with poor clinical outcomes in ABI, independent of P/F ratio and neurological severity. Potential benefits of optimizing ventilator settings to limit MP warrant further investigation

Utilization of mechanical power and associations with clinical outcomes in brain injured patients: a secondary analysis of the extubation strategies in neuro-intensive care unit patients and associations with outcome (ENIO) trial

Background: There is insufficient evidence to guide ventilatory targets in acute brain injury (ABI). Recent studies have shown associations between mechanical power (MP) and mortality in critical care populations. We aimed to describe MP in ventilated patients with ABI, and evaluate associations between MP and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study (ENIO, NCT03400904), we included adult patients with ABI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 12 before intubation) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥ 24 h. Using multivariable log binomial regressions, we separately assessed associations between MP on hospital day (HD)1, HD3, HD7 and clinical outcomes: hospital mortality, need for reintubation, tracheostomy placement, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Results: We included 1217 patients (mean age 51.2 years [SD 18.1], 66% male, mean body mass index [BMI] 26.3 [SD 5.18]) hospitalized at 62 intensive care units in 18 countries. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 139), 44% (n = 536) were extubated by HD7 of which 20% (107/536) required reintubation, 28% (n = 340) underwent tracheostomy placement, and 9% (n = 114) developed ARDS. The median MP on HD1, HD3, and HD7 was 11.9 J/min [IQR 9.2-15.1], 13 J/min [IQR 10-17], and 14 J/min [IQR 11-20], respectively. MP was overall higher in patients with ARDS, especially those with higher ARDS severity. After controlling for same-day pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F ratio), BMI, and neurological severity, MP at HD1, HD3, and HD7 was independently associated with hospital mortality, reintubation and tracheostomy placement. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) was greater at higher MP, and strongest for: mortality on HD1 (compared to the HD1 median MP 11.9 J/min, aRR at 17 J/min was 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.30) and HD3 (1.38, 95% CI 1.23-1.53), reintubation on HD1 (1.64; 95% CI 1.57-1.72), and tracheostomy on HD7 (1.53; 95%CI 1.18-1.99). MP was associated with the development of moderate-severe ARDS on HD1 (2.07; 95% CI 1.56-2.78) and HD3 (1.76; 95% CI 1.41-2.22). Conclusions: Exposure to high MP during the first week of MV is associated with poor clinical outcomes in ABI, independent of P/F ratio and neurological severity. Potential benefits of optimizing ventilator settings to limit MP warrant further investigation

Protocolo para evaluar el perfil de seguridad de un extracto de CO2 fluido supercrítico de Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens W. Bartram)

Memoria de Título para optar al título de Química FarmacéuticaLos extractos herbales deben ser evaluados en cuanto a eficacia y seguridad. Estudios de toxicidad aguda in vivo deben considerar los diferentes mecanismos por los cuales los principios activos pueden producir toxicidad. Por consiguiente, se desarrolló una metodología para examinar parámetros generales relacionados con la respuesta de toxicidad aguda. Para ello se utilizaron ratas Sprague-Dawley machos las cuales fueron tratadas con dos dosis de Saw Palmetto, Serenoa repens W. Bartram HiPower® (la dosis recomendada para humanos y una dosis 10 veces mayor) durante 10 días. Se evaluaron los parámetros generales homeostáticos (hemograma y perfil bioquímico), así como características morfológicas de tejidos involucrados en la respuesta a xenobióticos (hígado, timo, bazo y ganglios linfáticos). Todos los parámetros analizados no fueron significativamente diferentes en el grupo control como en los tratados con ambas dosis de Saw Palmetto, HiPower®, sugiriendo que este preparado comercial presenta un buen perfil de seguridad durante el periodo de tratamiento evaluado. La diferencia en las dosis utilizadas fue un orden de magnitud y a pesar de ello, no se observaron alteraciones en los parámetros medidos. El protocolo utilizado en este estudio podría ser utilizado para ensayar la toxicidad aguda in vivo de diferentes extractos herbales.Herbal extracts must be evaluated for their efficacy and safety. In vivo acute toxicity studies must consider the different mechanisms by which active compounds may elicit toxicological outcomes. Thus, a methodology to test general parameters related to acute toxicity responses in a murine model was developed, using a Saw Palmetto, Serenoa repens W. Bartram extract (HiPower®): adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with two doses of Saw Palmetto (the recommended dose for humans and a dose 10-fold higher) for 10 days, to examine general homeostatic parameters (hemogram and clinical chemistry) as well as morphological features of tissues involved in the response to xenobiotics (liver, timus, spleen, and lymphatic ganglia). All the parameters assayed did not undergo significant changes during treatment, suggesting that the commercial extract of Saw Palmetto HiPower® displays a good safety profile for the period tested. The doses assayed spanned over one order of magnitude in the drug concentration and we did not observe differences in the parameters assayed. This method may be adopted for testing the in vivo acute toxicity of any herbal extract

Mechanisms for coherence in the written production of communicative functions in Spanish as additional language of Haitian High School students

Este artículo presenta una descripción del uso de mecanismos de coherencia en la expresión escrita en español como lengua adicional, de cuatro funciones comunicativas, entre escolares haitianos de III y IV año de enseñanza media. Se trata de un estudio de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo basado en el análisis cualitativo de muestras de lengua escrita. Este estudio se orienta desde la función a la forma, pues su objetivo es determinar con qué recursos los estudiantes realizan, de forma más o menos coherente, funciones de alta frecuencia en la escuela. El análisis consistió en segmentar los textos de los informantes e identificar la naturaleza de las relaciones de coherencia que se establecen (Sanders y Spooren, 2009 y Sanders et al., 2018). Los resultados en general muestran el fuerte predominio de la coherencia relacional aditiva y un acentuado uso de la conjunción para establecer las relaciones de coherencia.This article presents a description of the use of coherence mechanisms in the written expression in Spanish as additional language, of four communicative functions, among Haitian schoolchildren of III and IV year of high school. This is an exploratory and descriptive study based on the qualitative analysis of samples of written language. This study is oriented from function to form, since its objective is to determine what resources students perform for coherence in high-frequency functions at school. The analysis consisted of segmenting the informants’ texts and identifying the nature of the coherence relationships established between them by cognitive primitives (Sanders and Spooren, 2009 and Sanders et al., 2018). The results in general show the strong predominance of additive relational coherence and a noticeable use of the conjunction to establish coherence relations.Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile 119025

Breeding Sites, Distribution and Conservation Status of the White-Vented Storm-Petrel Oceanites gracilis in the Atacama Desert

International audienc