4 research outputs found
dryad
Genotypes in genepop 3-digit format, from microsatellites described in Peichel et al. 2001 (The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species. Nature,414, 901-905) and Shimada et al. (A high incidence of selection on physiologically important genes in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 181-193). Population codes are as follows in Table 1
matrix_microsatellite_genotypes
Microsatellite genotype
Temporal Trends of PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea Sediment Cores Covering the 20th Century
The pollution trend
of polychlorinated dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins and dibenzofurans
(PCDD/Fs) in the Baltic Sea region was
studied based on depth profiles of PCDD/Fs in sediment cores collected
from six offshore areas, eight coastal sites impacted by industrial/urban
emissions, and one coastal reference site. A general trend was observed
for the offshore and coastal reference sites with substantial increase
in PCDD/F concentrations in the mid–late 1970s and peak levels
during 1985–2002. The overall peak year for PCDD/Fs in Baltic
Sea offshore areas was estimated (using spline-fit modeling) to 1994 ±
5 years, and a half-life in sediments was estimated at 29 ± 11
years. For the industrial/urban impacted coastal sites, the temporal
trend was more variable with peak years occurring 1–2 decades
earlier compared to offshore areas. The substantial reductions from
peak levels (38 ± 11% and 81 ± 12% in offshore and coastal
areas, respectively) reflect domestic and international actions taken
for reduction of the release of PCDD/Fs to the environment. The modeled
overall half-life and reductions of PCDD/Fs in offshore Baltic Sea
sediment correspond well to both PCDD/F trends in European lakes without
any known direct PCDD/F sources (half-lives 30 and 32 years), and
previously modeled reduction in atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs
to the Baltic Sea since 1990. These observations support previous
findings of a common diffuse source, such as long-range air transport
of atmospheric emissions, as the prime source of PCDD/Fs to the Baltic
Sea region. The half-life of PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea offshore sediments
was estimated to be approximately 2 and 4–6 times longer than
in semirural and urban European air, respectively. This study highlights
the need for further international actions to reduce the levels of
PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea air specifically and in European air in general
Hypoxia Is Increasing in the Coastal Zone of the Baltic Sea
Hypoxia is a well-described phenomenon in the offshore waters of the Baltic Sea with both the spatial extent and intensity of hypoxia known to have increased due to anthropogenic eutrophication, however, an unknown amount of hypoxia is present in the coastal zone. Here we report on the widespread unprecedented occurrence of hypoxia across the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. We have identified 115 sites that have experienced hypoxia during the period 1955–2009 increasing the global total to ca. 500 sites, with the Baltic Sea coastal zone containing over 20% of all known sites worldwide. Most sites experienced episodic hypoxia, which is a precursor to development of seasonal hypoxia. The Baltic Sea coastal zone displays an alarming trend with hypoxia steadily increasing with time since the 1950s effecting nutrient biogeochemical processes, ecosystem services, and coastal habitat