Climate Policy and International Tourism Arrivals to the Caribbean Region

Increasingly the body of research shows that tourism is vulnerable to climate change. Tourism is also a non-negligible contributor to climate change, primarily through rapidly increasing air travel. Recently, a number of tourism destinations that are dependent on long-haul tourism have expressed concerns about the impact of climate policy (both implemented and proposed) on tourist mobility and arrivals to their countries. This thesis examines outcomes from a model which projects how climate mitigation policy could influence arrival numbers to the Caribbean region; an area projected to be disproportionately impacted by climate change. While impacts on this region are likely to be both physical as well as economical, mitigation policy restricting emissions from international aviation is likely to be the first wave of climate change effects felt. This policy, coupled with the fluctuation of global oil prices, may be a significant deterrent for travelers to the Caribbean. Different scenarios using likely mitigation policy costs on international flights and oil price fluctuations were modeled to understand how these tourism-dependent nations might fair with increases in travel cost due to conditions beyond their control. Both region-wide and destination specific results were examined showing that visitor numbers could decrease versus a business as usual scenario with climate policy and heightened oil prices, but not significantly until climate policy with deeper emission cuts and carbon prices higher than currently suggested are put in place. Result are not uniform across the region, and show that certain destinations are projected to be more vulnerable to climate mitigation policy than others. Recommendations focusing on both the aviation industry’s inclusion in climate policy and those to aid the region’s tourism sector are provided

The Paris Commune in London and the spatial history of ideas, 1871–1900

Following the Paris Commune of 1871, around 3,500 Communard refugees and their families arrived in Britain, with the majority settling in the capital. This article is an exploration of these exiled Communards within the geography of London. The spatial configurations of London's radical and exile communities, and the ways in which Communards interacted with those they crossed paths with, is vital in understanding how some of the ideas that came out of the Commune permeated London's radical scene. Too often British political movements, particularly British socialism, have been presented as being wilfully impervious to developments on the continent. Instead, this article argues that in order to find these often more affective and ancillary foreign influences, it is important to think spatially and trace how the exile map of London corresponded with, extended, and redrew parts of the existing radical mapping of the city. In carving out spaces for intellectual exchange, Communard refugees moved within and across various communities and physical places. The social and spatial context in which British sympathizers absorbed and appropriated ideas from the Commune is key to understanding how the exiles of the Paris Commune left their mark on the landscape, and mindscape, of London

The Connection Between Natural Capital Productivity and Intergenerational Equity: Focus on Ecosystem Services

This paper will discuss measurement options and new policies that can contribute to the incorporation of ecosystem service values into economic measures, in particular productivity. Further, this work will highlight the linkage between such outcomes and the principle of intergenerational equity. A discussion of the challenges and ethical considerations which arise when dealing with valuing ecosystem services will also be included. Despite an increasing trend towards considering and valuing ecosystem services in environmental policy decisions, there has been less movement towards including ecosystem service values within national measures of economic progress. Most discussion to date has focused on the inclusion of ecosystem services, and more broadly, natural capital, within GDP numbers. This paper will argue that the inclusion of ecosystem services in productivity measures is an equally important and relatively unexplored avenue – one that can offer both a new thinking regarding conditions needed to achieve intergenerational equity as well as offer useful insights, particularly for improving firm-level environmental performance. Productivity measures are crucial in analysing a nation’s standard of living, and the maximization of labour and capital productivity is a major public policy goal. However, the standard measures of productivity (labour and multi-factor) do not consider the contribution of ecosystem services, in large part because traditionally the natural environment has been viewed as free in cost and unlimited in quantity. Including ecosystem services within productivity calculations is a promising approach; it can illustrate how efficiently ecosystem services are operating. Understanding the productivity of ecosystem services will also enable policies that can have the effect of encouraging a more efficient functioning and use of ecosystem services in the production of goods and services. Incorporating the value of ecosystem goods and services into economic measures, such as productivity, would not only enable greater economic efficiency (and reduced waste) overall but would also operate in line with the sustainable development principle of intergenerational equity. That is, the more efficiently that the natural environment is used today, the more and better quality natural capital that will be available for future generations. This paper will suggest that the inclusion of ecosystem service values in productivity measures will help meet the requirements of intergenerational equity, by avoiding wasteful degradation through increasing the efficiency of natural capital use

Wing-tip Vortex Structure and Wandering

An isolated wing-tip vortex from a square-tipped NACA 0012 wing at an angle of attack of 5 degrees was studied in a water tunnel at a chord based Reynolds number of approximately 24000. Measurements were taken using stereo particle image velocimetry at three measurement planes downstream of the wing under each of three freestream turbulence conditions. The amplitude of wandering of the vortex axis increased with increasing distance downstream of the wing and with increasing freestream turbulence intensity. The magnitude of the peak azimuthal velocity decreased with increasing distance from the wing as well as with increases in the freestream turbulence intensity. The streamwise velocity in the vortex core was less than the freestream velocity in all cases. Time resolved histories of the instantaneous waveform shape and location of the vortex axis were determined from sequences of images of fluorescent dye released from the wing