The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound - Part I: Extraarticular Pathologies

The first part of the guidelines and recommendations for musculoskeletal ultrasound, produced under the auspices of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB), provides information about the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound for assessing extraarticular structures (muscles, tendons, entheses, ligaments, bones, bursae, fasciae, nerves, skin, subcutaneous tissues, and nails) and their pathologies. Clinical applications, practical points, limitations, and artifacts are described and discussed for every structure. After an extensive literature review, the recommendations have been developed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine and GRADE criteria and the consensus level was established through a Delphi process. The document is intended to guide clinical users in their daily practice

A new cerebellar neuron: the brush or monopolar cell

[EN]The basic neuronal structure and circuitry of the cerebellum has been well known since Cajal’s time. In recent years, however, a number of new neuronal connections and new immunohistochemically-defined neuronal subtypes and functional cerebellar modules have been described. This new morphofunctional concept of the cerebellum seems to be in agreement with its newly assumed roles in learning and memory. In this new functional structure, a new cell (the brush cell, monopolar cell or monodendritic cell, Altman and Bayer, 1977; Mugnaini, 1994) specific to the cerebellar cortex and cochlear nucleus, could be of great importance. In all species studied, including man, this cell shows very particular morphology, immunohistochemical reactivity (against calretinine, some glutamate receptors and some neurofilament antibodies) and synaptic connections. The main afferents of these neurons are the mossy fibres, which form giant synaptic structures with them. The axons of monopolar cells end either in contact with extracerebellar neurons, or terminate intracortically at other brush cells (in the form of mossy fibres) or other cortical neurons of still-unknown morphology. In every animal species examined, these monopolar cells show different embryological development. No involution of them has been seen either in senility or in neurodegenerative disease[ES]La estructura del cerebelo y los circuitos que forman sus neuronas se conocen muy bien desde la época de Cajal. En los últimos años se ha descrito un cierto número de nuevas conexiones neuronales y subtipos neuronales, así como compartimentos funcionales mediante técnicas inmunohistoquímicas. Esta nueva concepción morfofuncional del cerebelo se corresponde con las nuevas funciones que se le asignan en aprendizaje y memoria. Dentro de este esquema puede ser clave una nueva célula, mencionada por Altman y Bayer (1977) y descrita por Mugnaini (1994), la célula ‘en cepillo’, monopolar o monodendrítica, específica de la corteza cerebelosa –junto a los núcleos cocleares–, que presenta en todas las especies, incluido el hombre, morfología, reacción inmunohistoquímica (anticalretinina, receptores para glutamato, neurofilamentos, etc.) y conexiones muy características. La formación de una sinapsis gigante con una fibra musgosa es su principal aferencia, y posee o puede poseer terminales extracerebelosos directos, intracorticales –sobre otras células en cepillo en forma de terminal musgosa, o sobre otras neuronas–. En cada especie animal tiene un desarrollo diferente y parece que no involucionan ni en la senilidad ni en las enfermedades neurodegenerativasPeer reviewe

A new cerebellar neuron: The brush or monopolar cell. Characteristics and possible function | Nueva célula 'en cepillo' (brush cell) o célula monopolar del cerebelo. Características y posible función

The basic neuronal structure and circuitry of the cerebellum has been well known since Cajal's time. In recent years, however, a number of new neuronal connections and new immunohistochemically-defined neuronal subtypes and functional cerebellar modules have been described. This new morphofunctional concept of the cerebellum seems to be in agreement with its newly assumed roles in learning and memory. In this new functional structure, a new cell (the brush cell, monopolar cell or monodendritic cell, Altman and Bayer, 1977; Mugnaini, 1994) specific to the cerebellar cortex and cochlear nucleus, could be of great importance. In all species studied, including man, this cell shows very particular morphology, immunohistochemical reactivity (against calretinine, some glutamate receptors and some neurofilament antibodies) and synaptic connections. The main afferents of these neurons are the mossy fibres, which form giant synaptic structures with them. The axons of monopolar cells end either in contact with extracerebellar neurons, or terminate intracortically at other brush cells (in the form of mossy fibres) or other cortical neurons of still-unknown morphology. In every animal species examined, these monopolar cells show different embryological development. No involution of them has been seen either in senility or in neurodegenerative disease.Peer Reviewe

Medical Interpreting – A Race against Time

There are several factors that make medical interpreting particularly difficult, ranging from the emotional burden interpreters have to bear to terminological problems, from ethical issues to role confusion and relational complications. Interpreting tasks are made even more complicated by time constraints. In emergency situations time may even be a matter of life and death, so finding ways to avoid the wasting time is essential. This paper looks at ways new technologies are currently used to improve medical interpreters’ reaction times in the most advanced countries in this field (US, UK, Australia and Canada) and in the three countries participating in the ReACTMe project: Spain, Romania and Italy. The situation is examined from the point of view of the advantages and risks of using remote interpreting in medical settings, of the availability and efficiency of existing tools, and, last but not least, of the possible improvements in the countries of our project. The aim is to identify and disseminate methods and practices that can aid healthcare institutions and provide the basis for new training programmes that make full use of the different modes of remote interpreting