Investigation of the Adenosine A(2A) Receptor on the Enhanced Rewarding Effects of Nicotine and Dopamine D2 Receptor Signaling in a Novel Heritable Model of Drug Abuse Vulnerability

Investigation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor on the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine and dopamine D2 receptor signaling in a novel heritable model of drug abuse vulnerability Seth E. Turney, Loren D. Peeters, Olivia A. Jennings, Liza J. Wills, Russell W. Brown Many years ago, our laboratory along with a collaborator established that neonatal treatment of the dopamine (DA)D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (NQ) to rats induces an increase in DAD2 receptor sensitivity throughout the animal’s lifetime, which has validity to schizophrenia (SZ) and a number of clinical conditions. These clinical conditions, which include SZ but also bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and major depression all demonstrate increased drug abuse vulnerability, especially to cigarette smoking. Based on this permanent change in DAD2 sensitivity, we bred NQ-treated male and female rats with their NQ-treated or neonatal saline (NS)-treated counterparts. This F1 generation also demonstrated increases in DAD2 signaling, both behaviorally as well as through DAD2 signaling mechanisms. We have shown both d enhanced behavioral responding to nicotine on the conditioned place preference (CPP) and behavioral sensitization paradigms. These F1 offspring of NQ-treated rats also demonstrated increases of G-protein dependent and G-protein independent DAD2 signaling. Interestingly, the adenosine A(2A) receptor forms a mutual inhibitory heteromer with the DAD2 receptor. Adenosine is a known neuromodulator that can increase or decrease synaptic transmission in the brain, and there exists a hypothesis that adenosine dysfunction is the primary system which is disrupted in SZ which leads to changes in the dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems. The drug CGS 21680, an A(2A) agonist which stimulates the A(2A) receptor, is known to decrease DAD2 signaling and has been shown to block nicotine behavioral sensitization. A major focus in this project is on the adenosine A(2A) receptor as a novel pharmacological treatment target, since it is known that antipsychotic drugs which are often used to treat SZ and these other clinical conditions which have increased DAD2 signaling produce deleterious side effects, and novel medications are needed. Results here revealed that a 0.09 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 was effective to block enhanced nicotine CPP and changes in DAD2 G-protein independent signaling in F1 generation rats. Interestingly, CGS 21680 did not affect G-protein dependent signaling in F1 generation animals, suggesting that the mechanism through which it is working may not be through the traditional DAD2 signaling mechanism. Future work is designed to analyze underlying mechanisms of this effect

Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.

To identify common alleles associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we pooled data from multiple genome-wide genotyping projects totaling 25,509 EOC cases and 40,941 controls. We identified nine new susceptibility loci for different EOC histotypes: six for serous EOC histotypes (3q28, 4q32.3, 8q21.11, 10q24.33, 18q11.2 and 22q12.1), two for mucinous EOC (3q22.3 and 9q31.1) and one for endometrioid EOC (5q12.3). We then performed meta-analysis on the results for high-grade serous ovarian cancer with the results from analysis of 31,448 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 3,887 mutation carriers with EOC. This identified three additional susceptibility loci at 2q13, 8q24.1 and 12q24.31. Integrated analyses of genes and regulatory biofeatures at each locus predicted candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1, a new candidate susceptibility gene for low-grade and borderline serous EOC

The Adenosine A(2A) Receptor Agonist CGS 21680 Alleviates Auditory Sensorimotor Gating Deficits and Increases in Accumbal CREB in Rats Neonatally Treated With Quinpirole

Rationale and objective: The adenosine A(2A) receptor forms a mutually inhibitory heteromer with the dopamine D2 receptor, and A(2A) agonists decrease D2 signaling. This study analyzed whether an adenosine A(2A) agonist would alleviate deficits in sensorimotor gating and increases in cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the neonatal quinpirole model of schizophrenia (SZ). Methods: Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with saline (NS) or quinpirole HCl (NQ; 1 mg/kg) from postnatal days (P) 1–21. Animals were raised to P44 and behaviorally tested on auditory sensorimotor gating as measured through prepulse inhibition (PPI) from P44 to P48. Approximately 15 min before each session, animals were given an ip administration of saline or the adenosine A(2A) agonist CGS 21680 (0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg). One day after PPI was complete on P49, animals were administered a locomotor activity test in the open field after saline or CGS 21680 treatment, respectively. On P50, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was evaluated for CREB protein. Results: NQ-treated rats demonstrated a deficit in PPI that was alleviated to control levels by either dose of CGS 21680. The 0.03 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 increased startle amplitude in males. The 0.09 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 resulted in an overall decrease in locomotor activity. NQ treatment significantly increased NAc CREB that was attenuated to control levels by either dose of CGS 21680. Conclusions: This study revealed that an adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist was effective to alleviate PPI deficits in the NQ model of SZ in both male and female rats

Modulation of mGlu5 Improves Sensorimotor Gating Deficits in Rats Neonatally Treated With Quinpirole Through Changes in Dopamine D2 Signaling

This study analyzed whether the positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGlu5) 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB) would alleviate deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) and affect dopamine (DA) D2 signaling in the dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the neonatal quinpirole (NQ) model of schizophrenia (SZ). Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with either saline (NS) or quinpirole HCL (1 mg/kg; NQ), a DAD2 receptor agonist, from postnatal days (P) 1–21. Rats were raised to P44 and behaviorally tested on PPI from P44-P48. Before each trial, rats were subcutaneous (sc) administered saline or CDPPB (10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg). On P50, rats were given a spontaneous locomotor activity test after CDPPB or saline administration. On P51, the dorsal striatum and PFC were evaluated for both arrestin-2 (βA-2) and phospho-AKT protein levels. NQ-treated rats demonstrated a significant deficit in PPI, which was alleviated to control levels by the 30 mg/kg dose of CDPPB. There were no significant effects of CDPPB on locomotor activity. NQ treatment increased βA-2 and decreased phospho-AKT in both the dorsal striatum and PFC, consistent with an increase DAD2 signaling. The 30 mg/kg dose of CDPPB significantly reversed changes in βA-2 in the dorsal striatum and PFC and phospho-AKT in the PFC equivalent to controls. Both doses of CDPPB produced a decrease of phospho-AKT in the PFC compared to controls. This study revealed that a mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator was effective to alleviate PPI deficits and striatal DAD2 signaling in the NQ model of SZ

Reinstatement of nicotine conditioned place preference in a transgenerational model of drug abuse vulnerability in psychosis: Impact of BDNF on the saliency of drug associations

Rationale: Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are often accompanied by high rates of cigarette smoking, reduced quit success, and high relapse rates, negatively affecting patient outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying altered relapse-like behaviors in individuals diagnosed with psychosis are poorly understood. Objectives: The present study analyzed changes in extinction and reinstatement of nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) and resulting changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a novel heritable rodent model of psychosis, demonstrating increased dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity, to explore mechanisms contributing to changes in relapse-like behaviors. Methods: Male and female offspring of two neonatal quinpirole-treated (QQ) and two neonatal saline-treated (SS) Sprague-Dawley rats (F1 generation) were tested on an extended CPP paradigm to analyze extinction and nicotine-primed reinstatement. Brain tissue was analyzed 60 min after the last nicotine injection for BDNF response in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the infralimbic (IfL) and prelimbic (PrL) cortices. Results: F1 generation QQ offspring demonstrated delayed extinction and more robust reinstatement compared to SS control animals. In addition, QQ animals demonstrated an enhanced BDNF response to nicotine in the VTA, IfL and Prl cortices compared to SS offspring. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate altered relapse-like behavior in a heritable rodent model with relevance to comorbid drug abuse and psychosis. This altered pattern of behavior is hypothesized to be related to elevated activity-dependent BDNF in brain areas associated with drug reinforcement during conditioning that persists through the extinction phase, rendering aberrantly salient drug associations resistant to extinction and enhancing relapse vulnerability

Behavioral Effects and Neurobiological Mechanisms of 3-Aminobenzimide in a Rodent Model of Chronic Psychological Stress

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence rate of approximately 20%. Inadequate pharmacological treatment methods for MDD are a significant debilitating factor. Patient estimates suggest that the treatment resistance rate for pharmacological interventions is over 30%. Postmortem analyses of human tissue of individuals diagnosed with MDD have shown an increase in Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) mRNA gene expression in prefrontal cortical white matter when compared to psychiatrically normal brain tissue. In order to further investigate this issue, the present study used the social defeat stress/chronic unpredictable stress (SDS + CUS) rodent model of depression to induce a state of chronic psychological distress. Rats were treated with either the PARP-inhibitor, 3- aminobenzamide (3-AB); a common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (FLX), or saline. During the stress manipulation we conducted the sucrose preference test, results revealed that saline-treated rats which had undergone SDS + CUS showed significant reductions in sucrose preference compared to all other groups. In addition, a social interaction test was conducted one day after the stress manipulation, and saline-treated stressed animals demonstrated less social interaction compared to all other groups, indicating the stress manipulation was effective. Neurobiological assays were conducted to examine PARP expression, microglial morphology, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Though we expected to find a decrease, results from immunofluorescence studies of tissue sections revealed an elevation of PARP-1 protein expression in prefrontal cortical gray matter in the FLX/Stress group compared with SAL/Stress group. Microglial morphological changes indicated that the SAL/Stress group had significantly more prolate microglia when compared to all other treatment groups, suggesting early activation of microglia, an indicator of neuroinflammation. Increases in IL-1β and TNF-⍺ expression was observed in the hippocampus of the SAL/Stress group when compared to all other treatment groups. Interestingly, IL-6 expression was significantly elevated in the SAL/Stress group when compared to the FLX/Stress group and theCTRL/No stress group but did not significantly differ from the 3-AB/Stress group. This study revealed therapeutic potential of 3-AB for the treatment of stress-related disorders, as well as the neuroinflammatory mechanisms associated with chronic stress

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 (Mglu5) as a Therapeutic Target Towards the Enhanced Rewarding Effects of Nicotine and Deficits in Sensorimotor Gating in a Heritable Model of Drug Abuse Vulnerability in Psychosis

Heritable and environmental factors contribute to an individual’s risk of substance abuse and psychosis. Individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder have greater vulnerability for substance abuse. Our laboratory established that neonatal treatment of rats with quinpirole (NQ), a dopamine (DA) D2-like agonist, results in a significant increase of DAD2 receptor sensitivity throughout the animal’s lifetime. An increase of DAD2 receptor sensitivity is relevant to a model of schizophrenia (SZ), although increases of DAD2 receptor activity also occur in a number of clinical disorders, including bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and major depression. Common amongst these clinical conditions is a dramatic increase in cigarette smoking compared to the general population. We bred NQ-treated male and female rats with their NQ-treated or neonatal saline (NS)-treated counterparts once they reached adulthood to determine whether increases in DAD2 sensitivity were passed to the next generation. Offspring of these animals, regardless of whether one or both founders received NQ-treatment, also demonstrated increases of DAD2 receptor sensitivity both behaviorally and neurobiologically. RNASeq preliminary data revealed an increase in cortisol synthesis and release in F1 generation animals, demonstrating an enhanced response to stress, consistent with a model of drug abuse vulnerability. Consistent with this finding, F1 generation rats demonstrated enhanced nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) and had an enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) response to nicotine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a brain area critical to drug reward. The DAD2 receptor forms a triple heteromer with the adenosine A(2A) and metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptor, such that stimulation of either receptor results in a decrease of DAD2 activity. Therefore, we analyzed whether use of a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 in the F1 generation would block nicotine CPP and improve sensorimotor gating deficits, which is a hallmark of psychosis. In both experiments, the mGlu5 PAM effectively blocked the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine and also alleviated sensorimotor gating deficits in this model. In essence, we demonstrate in results reported here that there may be a common therapeutic target for the dual treatment of substance abuse and psychosis

Localization of NGF Expression in Mouse Spleen and Salivary Gland: Relevance to Pleotropic Functions

Our primary goal was to determine if leukocytes are a source of nerve growth factor (NGF) in mouse spleen. Noradrenergic nerves were localized to arteries and white pulp in normal spleens but only to arteries in ultra-immunodeficient R2G2 mice that lack leukocytes. NGF mRNA was detected in vascular cells and leukocytes of normal spleen, and several of the latter were T cells based on double labeling for NGF mRNA and CD3. Our findings indicate NGF is produced by vascular cells and to a lesser extent by leukocytes in spleen and provide support for pleiotropic actions in spleen and salivary glands

Modulation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 (mGlu5) Reduces the Enhanced Rewarding Effects of Nicotine in a Neonatal Quinpirole Model of Psychosis

Nicotine has been indicated as a prevalent drug for substance abuse comorbidities in mental illness. Tobacco use is elevated in those suffering from psychiatric disorders, most notably in schizophrenia (SZ), where a three-to-five fold increase in usage compared to the general population is observed. Our laboratory has established a rodent model of psychosis. In this model, male and female rats are neonatally treated with quinpirole (NQ), a dopamine (DA) D2-like agonist for 21 days postpartum, resulting in lifelong supersensitization of the DAD2 receptor. Increases in dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity is a hallmark of psychosis. Interestingly, the dopamine D2 receptor forms a triple mutual inhibitor heteromer in the dorsal striatum with the adenosine A(2A) and metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGlu5), such that stimulation of the A(2A) or mGlu5 receptor results in decreased dopamine D2 signaling. The present study was designed to analyze the role of the mGlu5 receptor in a behavioral task involved in testing the associative aspects of rewarding drugs known as conditioned place preference (CPP). CPP is a behavioral task in which animals are conditioned with a reinforcing drug to prefer a particular environmental context. Male and female rats were neonatally treated with saline (NS) or quinpirole from postnatal day (P) 1 to 21. From P41-51, which is mid-adolescence in a rat, all rats were behaviorally tested on CPP. Results revealed that compared to NS rats, NQ animals administered nicotine demonstrated enhanced CPP, replicating our past work. Groups receiving a positive allosteric modulator to mGlu5, which results in stimulation of the mGlu5 receptor, reduced the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine in CPP for NQ treated rats equal to control levels. Brain tissue was analyzed for brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin involved in cell growth, as well cell adhesion molecule cadherin-13 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is a brain area rich in dopamine cell bodies. Results revealed elevations of BDNF in NQ-treated rats given nicotine compared to all other groups, and a sex difference in the increase in cadherin-13, with female NQ rats given nicotine demonstrating increases compared to all other groups. These effects were blocked by the mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator. In addition, we analyzed phospho-p70S6 kinase in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which is the dopamine neuronal terminal region in the VTA mitigating drug reward. The NQ group given nicotine demonstrated significant increases in NAcc P70S6 kinase compared to all other groups, suggesting increased synaptic growth, which was also blocked by the positive allosteric modulator to mGlu5. Taken together, these results elucidate mGlu5 as a drug target for reducing the rewarding effects of nicotine via CDPPB administration in a model of substance abuse in psychosis

Analysis of the effects of a novel anti-inflammatory on anxiety, apathy, and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to both cognitive decline and altered psychological states. There is currently no cure for AD. The pathology of AD includes the clustering of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, tau tangles, and increased neuroinflammation. These pathological manifestations initially occur in the hippocampus (HPC), then continue to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and occur throughout the brain as the disease progresses. The heightened neuroinflammatory state in AD is an essential point of focus in AD research. In this study, the novel oral anti-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor compound PD2244 was tested to observe its effects on sensorimotor gating using prepulse inhibition (PPI), spatial memory using Barnes Maze, anxiety using an elevated-T maze, and apathy by observing nest building behavior in both female and male 3xTg mice. The 3xTg mice are the only triple-transgenic models of AD that have both Aβ plaques and tau tangles and is also an accelerated mouse model of AD pathology onset. A specialized diet containing variable doses of PD2244 was given to 3xTg mice beginning at 6 months of age. The doses given were 0, 1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg of PD2244. Testing was then performed at 9, 12, and 15 months, where 15 months equated to thorough AD pathology. Regarding behavioral improvement, it was observed that all doses of PD2244 were effective to alleviate deficits in PPI at 9, 12, and 15 months of age. On the Barnes Maze, at 9 months of age the 10 mg/kg dose of PD2244 was effective to alleviate deficits, whereas at 12 months of age, 3 and 30 mg/kg dose of PD2244 was effective, and finally, at 15 months of age the 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg doses of PD2244 demonstrated efficacy to alleviate deficits in spatial memory performance. On the elevated T-maze, there were no effects at 9 months of age, but the 3 mg/kg dose of PD2244 resulted in anxiolytic effects at 12 and 15 months of age. Nest building behavior is also being observed in 15-month-old mice to determine effects of PD2244 on apathy since it is a common neuropsychiatric prodrome of AD. Finally, analysis of neurobiological markers has revealed that PD2244 reduced increases in the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interkeukin-1β (IL-1β) at 15 months of age in the HPC. In addition, there is currently a project analyzing immunohistological staining of microglial cells in the HPC and PFC in 15-month-old animals. This project is designed to discover a novel, effective, anti-inflammatory treatment for cognitive deficits and increases in anxiety associate with AD