Business to business end-of-life IT industrial networks

Business-to-business waste electrical and electronic equipment systems are not reported under current EuropeanUnion regulations. This paper examines the independent, unreported, industrial networks for the collection andtreatment of such waste in the UK, Austria, Germany, Romania and Spain. Methods used are semi-structuredinterviews and surveys of relevant literature. The results show that treatment options are highly driven by the endmarket for the resulting product. Reuse rarely occurs in Austria and Spain, but is common in the UK and prevalent inGermany. The flow of equipment through different recovery/disposal routes cannot be estimated. It is concluded that a solution needs to be developed to avoid negative sustainability impacts, but which does not place such a burden on the industry that it makes the practice unattractive

Business to business end-of-life IT industrial networks

Business-to-business waste electrical and electronic equipment systems are not reported under current EuropeanUnion regulations. This paper examines the independent, unreported, industrial networks for the collection andtreatment of such waste in the UK, Austria, Germany, Romania and Spain. Methods used are semi-structuredinterviews and surveys of relevant literature. The results show that treatment options are highly driven by the endmarket for the resulting product. Reuse rarely occurs in Austria and Spain, but is common in the UK and prevalent inGermany. The flow of equipment through different recovery/disposal routes cannot be estimated. It is concluded that a solution needs to be developed to avoid negative sustainability impacts, but which does not place such a burden on the industry that it makes the practice unattractive

Sharing Space: Inclusion, Exclusion, and Accommodation at the British Golf Club Before 1914

The pre-1914 British golf club exhibited bonding social capital formation rather than bridging, seeking to exclude rather than include. Generally the course, but especially the clubhouse, were sites for males of similar social background to meet in a homosocial environment, one protected by cost and membership policies. Segmentation of clubs within the same geographical area allowed for further social differentiation between men from different occupational groups. Numerous golfing societies also brought men together with a common business interest. However female and working-class players were accommodated without breaking down the male, middle-class dominance by parent-club development of separate ‘ladies’ sections and artisan clubs. Nevertheless restrictions on when and where they could play served to segregate them from the full-fee paying male club members