An L-lactate amperometric enzyme electrode based on L-lactate oxidase immobilized in a laponite gel on a glassy carbon electrode. Application to dairy products and red wine

A biosensor based on the immobilization of Lactate oxidase in laponite - organosilasesquioxane films on glassy carbon electrode for the quantification of l-lactate in wine and dairy products is presented. The bioelectrode showed a very high sensitivity (0.33 ± 0.01) A cm-2 M-1 and a short time response (10 s) for less than 1 U of enzyme. No significant interferences, including ascorbic acid, were detected. For red wine, matrix effects assigned to polyphenols and anthocyanins were observed, which ware easily overcome by sample dilution. Our l-lactate determinations were in good agreement with those of two standard methods.Fil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Beatriz Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Labbé, Pierre. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Solis, Velia Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentin

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Addressing the surface coverage of Au nano-agglomerates and the electrochemical properties of modified carbon paste electrodes: Experimental and theoretical studies on ascorbic acid oxidation

This article shows the formation of Au nano-agglomerates when increasing amounts of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are incorporated into carbon paste electrodes. The surface coverage by this agglomerates is related to the electro-oxidation of a widely studied redox compound, ascorbic acid (AA); by analyzing the effect on the oxidation peak potential (Ep,a) and oxidation peak current (ip,a). The effects of pH and scan rate on the Ep,a and ip,a were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and enabled to estimate the transfer coefficient and the number of electrons involved in the rate determining step (αnα), the standard heterogeneous rate constant (ks), and the diffusion coefficient of the redox compound, being 0.52 and 3.5 × 10−3 cm s−1 and 6.3 × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively. On the other hand, the sensing ability of the modified electrode was evaluated, obtaining a sensitivity of (63.2 ± 2.5) μA mM−1, a detection limit of 2.7 μM and a quantification limit of 8.9 μM. Additionally, a computational model based on lattice-gas model and Monte Carlo simulations in the Grand Canonical Ensemble was proposed in order to reproduce the behavior of the system, in terms of ip,a and Ep,a shift with increasing surface coverage by Au nano-agglomerates.Fil: Araujo, Virginia Maria. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Pinto, Oscar Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; Argentin

An amperometric biosensor based on lactate oxidase immobilized in laponite-chitosan hydrogel on a glassy carbon electrode: Application to the analysis of l-lactate in food samples

A biosensor based on the immobilization of lactate oxidase (LOx) on a glassy carbon electrode modified with laponite/chitosan hydrogels for the quantification of l-lactate in alcoholic beverages and dairy products is presented. Ferrocene-methanol (FcMe) is used as artificial mediator. The purpose of this work is to determine the best hydrogel composition from the analytical point of view. The characterization of the hydrogels was carried out by CV, amperometry and EIS. According to permeabilities and charge transfer resistances for ferrocyanide (used as molecular probe) as well as the enzymatic behavior of the enzyme for l-lactate, the best laponite/chitosan mass ratio found was 25/50. The distinct features of the bioelectrode are its long stability, its ability to reject or minimize most interferents including ascorbic acid, and its excellent analytical response, which allowed the reduction of the enzyme content below 0.5 U, for a sensitivity of (0.326 ± 0.003) A cm -2 M-1, with a time response lower than 5 s and a detection limit of (3.8 ± 0.2) × 10-6 M. Our l-lactate biosensor was validated by comparison with a standard spectroscopic method.Fil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Beatriz Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Solis, Velia Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentin

Self-assembled multilayers of water glucose modified-chitosan and glucose oxidase for detection of glucose in milk samples

Background: A crucial aspect of electrochemical enzymatic biosensor development is the immobilization of the enzymes, as it directly influences the sensitivity of the bioelectrode. Among the different methods used to incorporate enzymes on the surface of the transducers, layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly based on electrostatic interaction with polyelectrolytes of opposite charge stands out due to its simplicity and reproducibility. Aims: The aim of the work was to develop an electrochemical glucose biosensor by LbL assembly of a new functionalized chitosan polycation and the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx). Methods: Chitosan was chemically functionalized with glucose by the Maillard reaction. The resulting polycation, named G-Chit, is soluble in the medium compatible with the enzyme. The bioelectrode was obtained by alternating adsorption of G-Chit and GOx onto carbon paste electrodes. By selecting the number of bilayer of G-Chit/GOX, the enzyme concentration, and the pH, the electroanalytical performance of the biosensor was optimized. The electrochemical responses were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results: Under optimized experimental conditions, the biosensor exhibited a sensitivity of (0.81 ± 0.03) µA mM-1 in a glucose concentration range of (0.18 to 1.75) mM. Discussion: Results indicated that catalytic response increases both with the number of G-Chit/GOx bilayers and the enzyme concentration, obtaining the best responses for 3 bilayers and 2 mg mL-1, respectively, while the optimum working pH value was 7.0. Conclusions: The analytical response of the biosensor was tested in milk samples with negligible matrix effects, suggesting a potential application in other dairy products. Results show that G-Chit appears promising for the immobilization of enzymes.Fil: Gulotta, Florencia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Diaz Vergara, Ladislao Ivan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María; ArgentinaFil: Montenegro, Mariana Angélica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María; ArgentinaFil: Ferreyra, Nancy Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; Argentin

Homemade solar simulator: Construction, characterization and its application in heterogeneous photocatalysis

El progreso del sector agroalimentario juega un papel muy importante en el crecimiento económico de un país en desarrollo. Es por ello que el control de procesos y el seguimiento de la calidad son etapas cruciales. En este sentido, las potenciales aplicaciones de los biosensores amperométricos en la industria agroalimentaria pueden orientarse a la totalidad de la cadena alimentaria, desde la producción primaria hasta la distribución final al consumidor. A diferencia del carácter generalista de las metodologías analíticas convencionales, la tecnología asociada a los biosensores posibilita el diseño de dispositivos “a la carta”, específicos para un analito o un grupo de analitos en particular. En el presente capítulo, se detallan algunas de las aplicaciones más destacadas en las áreas de inocuidad y calidad alimentaria, como así también en el control de procesos en la industria agroalimentaria. Así mismo, se describen los aportes realizados en los últimos años desde nuestro grupo de investigación, en el desarrollo y aplicación de estos dispositivos.Progress in the agri-food sector plays a very important role in the economic growth of a developing country. That is why process control and quality monitoring are crucial stages. In this sense, the potential applications of amperometric biosensors in the agri-food industry can be oriented to the entire food chain, from primary production to final distribution to the consumer. Unlike the general nature of conventional analytical methodologies, the technology associated with biosensors makes it possible to design “à la carte” devices, specific for a particular analyte or group of analytes. In this chapter, some of the most prominent applications in the areas of food safety and quality are detailed, as well as in process control in the agri-food industry. Likewise, the contributions made in recent years from our research group in the development and applications of these devices are described.Fil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Gulotta, Florencia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Araujo, Virginia Maria. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Tulli, Fiorella Giovanna. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; Argentin

Mean field approach applied to surface deposition on a modified electrode

In this work we study the deposition phenomena on a modified electrode in the framework of the mean field theory. The electrode surface is modified by irreversible deposition of impurities which can block a fraction of the adsorption sites. Then, an electroactive species is allowed to adsorb on the accessible sites, transferring electric charge and generating a current that can be calculated and measured. Nearest-neighbor lateral interactions are considered both between electroactive particles and between particles and impurities. A modified Bragg-Williams theoretical approach considers both the blocking effects of impurities and the lateral interactions, through different concentrations of impurities and particles. The analysis is based on the study of adsorption isotherms and voltammograms, considering different interaction energies and impurity concentrations. The potentialities and limitations of the analytical approximation are discussed by comparing theoretical predictions with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements in which artificial clay represents the impurity and a [Fe(CN)6]4redox probe is the species that transfers the charge.Fil: Pasinetti, Pedro Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Física Aplicada "Dr. Jorge Andrés Zgrablich". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Física Aplicada "Dr. Jorge Andrés Zgrablich"; ArgentinaFil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez Pastor, Antonio Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Física Aplicada "Dr. Jorge Andrés Zgrablich". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Física Aplicada "Dr. Jorge Andrés Zgrablich"; ArgentinaFil: Pinto, Oscar Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; Argentin

Ultrasensitive amperometric biosensing of polyphenols using horseradish peroxidase immobilized in a laponite/Au/DNA-bioinspired polycation nanocomposite

An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for the determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been prepared by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization onto nanohydrogels made of laponite, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and a vinylbenzyltriethylammonium polycation copolymerized with vinylbenzylthymine groups. The structure and active site of the enzyme were not modified upon immobilization, as determined by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopies. The biosensor showed remarkable electroanalytical properties for detection of HQ and CGA, e.g. linear stationary current up to 120 μM and 4.2 μM, limit of detection (LOD) of 1.6 ± 0.2 nM and 2.7 ± 0.1 nM for CGA, and sensitivities of 218 ± 4 μA.mM-1 and 132 ± 4 μA.mM-1, respectively. The electroanalytical capabilities of the biosensor was successfully tested in the quantification of the total polyphenol content in green coffee and yerba mate beverages, yielding equivalent results than those obtained with the classical Folin-Ciocalteu method. Nonetheless, our biosensor showed remarkable advantages due to its ultra-sensitivity, together with smaller sample volumes and shorter detection times required, improving its analytical application.Fil: Tulli, Fiorella Giovanna. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Gulotta, Florencia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Debora Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Física del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Física del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Borsarelli, Claudio Darío. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; Argentin

Improvement of the amperometric response to l-lactate by using a cationic bioinspired thymine polycation in a bioelectrode with immobilized lactate oxidase

We report the electroanalytical properties of an amperometric bioelectrode containing L-lactate oxidase (LOx) immobilized on glassy carbon electrode with a hydrogel film composed of laponite and different amounts of a novel bioinspired polycation obtained by copolimerization of 4-vinylbenzyl thymine (VBT) and 4-vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride (VBA) in a molar ratio 1:4, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the redox couple probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-of these VBT-VBA bioelectrodes was compared with that observed for a bioelectrode containing the classical polycation polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA). The best response was obtained for a biolelectrode containing a VBT-VBA/laponite mass ratio double than the cationic exchange capacity of the clay, demonstrating that under this condition the polycation induces an optimal microenvironment in the interlamellar space of the clay, both for the position and the functionality of LOx. The VBT-VBA bioelectrode displayed a very high sensitivity (7.2 ± 0.2) × 102 A.mM-1.cm-2, a short time response (<5 s), a wide linear response range (e.g. 0.01-1.0 mM of L-lactate) and an excellent stability over a storage period of 60 days, when sensing L-lactate. The analytical response of the bioelectrode was tested in real food samples, e.g. milk, white wine, and beer, as well as during milk fermentation at 37 °C. No effect of molecular interferences in the food matrices was detected, and the quantification of L-lactate was in complete agreement with standard assays reported values. Current results indicate that polycations containing the multifunctional green monomer VBT have high potential for their use in hydrogel film formation producing more responsive and stable electrochemical biosensors.Fil: Paz Zanini, Veronica Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Tulli, Fiorella Giovanna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Debora Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (i); ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Beatriz Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Borsarelli, Claudio Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero; Argentin